A note on the eigenvalue density of random matrices

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Abstract: The distribution of eigenvalues of N times N random matrices in the limit N to infinity is the solution to a variational principle that determines the ground state energy of a confined fluid of classical unit charges. This fact is a consequence of a more general theorem, proven here, in the statistical mechanics of unstable interactions. Our result establishes the eigenvalue density of some ensembles of random matrices which were not covered by previous theorems.


The paper focuses on the eigenvalue distribution of ensembles of \(N\times N\) random matrices \(M_N\) whose probability distribution has the density \[ Q_N^{-1} \exp\bigl\{- \kappa N \text{Tr} V(M) \bigr\} dM.\tag{1} \] It is known since the papers by F. Dyson that the eigenvalues \(\lambda_j\), \(j=1, \dots,N\) of such matrices are distributed as the charged particles in the potential determined by \(V\). The variational principle formulated by \textit{E. Wigner} for Hermitian random matrices (1) [Can. Math. Proc. 174-198 (1957)] leads to the following equation for the limiting eigenvalue density \(\rho(\lambda)= \lim_{N\to \infty}\sum^N_{j=1} \delta( \lambda- \lambda_j)N^{-1}\) \[ \kappa\int_{\text{supp}}{\rho(\mu)d\mu\over\lambda-\mu}= V'(\lambda). \tag{2} \] In a faper by \textit{A. Boutet de Monvel}, \textit{L. Pastur} and \textit{M. Shcherbina} [J. Stat. Phys. 79, 585-611 (1995)] equation (2) was derived rigorously. In present paper the authors prove an abstract statistical mechanics theorem on particle systems with unstable interactions. As a consequence of this theorem, existence of the limiting eigenvalue distributions is proved for a series of random matrix ensembles (1) generalising the ensemble considered in the paper cited above.




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