Arithmetic subgroups of algebraic groups
This is a complete paper, the main results of which have been announced in [Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 67, 579--583 (1961; Zbl 0119.37001)]. For a (complex) algebraic matrix group \( G \subset \mathrm{GL}(n, C) \) defined over the rational number field \( Q \), the subgroup \( G_{Z} \) of elements of \( G \) which have integral coefficients with determinant \(\pm 1\) is an arithmetic subgroup of the real algebraic group \( G_{R}=G \cap G L(n, R) \); for example, the group of units of a non-degenerate rational quadratic form. The authors try to generalize facts known in this case, using the theory of algebraic groups, especially reductive groups. Let \( G \) be an algebraic reductive group defined over \( R \) and \( G_{R}= \) \( K \cdot A \cdot N \) an Iwasawa decomposition where \( K \) is a maximal compact subgroup, \( A \) is real diagonalizable, connected and \( N \) is unipotent. A Siegel domain which plays an important role in this paper is a subset \( \Im_{t, \omega}=K \cdot A_{t} \cdot \omega \) where \( \omega \) is a compact set in \( N \) and \( A_{t} \) is the set of exponentials of elements on which the simple restricted roots have values smaller than a given positive number \( t \). After giving interesting properties of Siegel domains, the authors generalize the Hermite's finiteness theorem of the number of integral reduced forms with a given non-zero determinant to prove the following theorem: If \( G \) is reductive, defined over \( Q \), there exists an open set \( U \) in \( G_{R} \) such that \( G_{R}=U \cdot G_{Z}, K \cdot U=U \) for a suitable maximal compact subgroup \( K \), and \( U^{-1} \cdot U \cap\left(x \cdot G_{Z} \cdot y\right) \) is finite if \( x, y \in G_{Q} \). This is a generalization of the construction of a fundamental set for the group of units of a non-degenerate quadratic form in the space of majoring forms. Further it is extended to general algebraic groups. The finite generation of \( G_{Z} \) and a generalization of the finiteness of the number of classes of integral forms with a given non-zero determinant are given. The authors consider necessary and sufficient conditions under which \( G_{R} / G_{Z} \) is compact, and of finite invariant measure, where the results of \( \mathrm{On} \) o on algebraic tori are used and Weil's argument on the group of automorphisms of an algebra with involution is adapted, to give the following theorems: If \( G \) is a semisimple algebraic Lie group defined over \( Q \), then \( G_{R} / G_{Z} \) has finite Haar measure. Let \( G \) be an algebraic group defined over \( Q \), then \( G_{R} \) is unimodular, and \( G_{R} / G_{Z} \) of finite invariant measure if and only if the group \( X_{Q} \) of rational characters, defined over \( Q \), of the identity component of \( G \) is trivial. For a reductive algebraic group \( G \) defined over \( Q, G_{R} / G_{Z} \) is compact if and only if \( X_{Q}=1 \) and \( G_{Q} \) consists of semisimple elements. For a general \( G \), defined over \( Q, G_{R} / G_{Z} \) is compact if and only if \( X_{Q}=1 \) and every unipotent element of \( G_{Z} \) belongs to the radical of \( G \). The paper ends with a similar consideration, replacing \( Q \) by a number field, and some interesting remarks about algebraic groups.
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