Limits of translates of divergent geodesics and integral points on one-sheeted hyperboloids

Abstract: For any non-uniform lattice

G a m m a

in

S L (2, R)

, we describe the limit distribution of orthogonal translates of a divergent geodesic in

. As an application, for a quadratic form

Q

of signature

(2, 1)

, a lattice

G a m m a

in its isometry group, and

v_{0} i n R^{3}

with

Q (v_{0}) > 0

, we compute the asymptotic (with a logarithmic error term) of the number of points in a discrete orbit

v_{0} G a m m a

of norm at most

T

, when the stabilizer of

v_{0}

in

G a m m a

is finite. Our result in particular implies that for any non-zero integer

d

, the smoothed count for number of integral binary quadratic forms with discriminant

d^{2}

and with coefficients bounded by

T

is asymptotic to

c c d o t T l o g T + O (T)

.

Review text

Let \(Q\in{\mathbb Z}\left[x_1,x_2,x_3\right]\) be a quadratic form of signature \((2,1)\), and let \(V_m({\mathbb Z})=\left\{x\in{\mathbb Z}^3: Q(x)=m\right\}\) be its set of integral solutions for \(m\in{\mathbb Z}\). One is interested in the asymptotics of \(N(T)=\sharp\left\{x\in V_m({\mathbb Z}): \parallel x\parallel <T\right\}\). Let \(\Gamma\subset SO(Q)^\circ\simeq SO(2,1)^\circ\) be an arithmetic lattice preserving \(V_m({\mathbb Z})\), then there are only finitely many \(\Gamma\)-orbits in \(V_m({\mathbb Z})\) and understanding the asymptotics of \(N(T)\) is reduced to understanding the asymptotics of \(\sharp(x\in v_0\Gamma:\parallel x\parallel <T)\) for \(v_0\in V_m({\mathbb Z})\). Denoting by \(H\simeq SO(1,1)^\circ\) the identity component of the stabilizer of \(v_0\) in \(G\), one has \(vol(H\cap \Gamma/H)<\infty\) if and only if \(H\cap\Gamma\) is infinite. For this case the asymptotics of \(N_T\) has been determined by \textit{W. Duke} et al. [Duke Math. J. 71, No. 1, 143--179 (1993; Zbl 0798.11024)] and by different methods by \textit{A. Eskin} and \textit{C. McMullen} [Duke Math. J. 71, No. 1, 181--209 (1993; Zbl 0798.11025)] and \textit{Y. Benoist} and \textit{H. Oh} [Ann. Inst. Fourier 62, No. 5, 1889--1942 (2012; Zbl 1330.11044)]. The paper under review presents the asymptotics (and the best possible error term) in the case of (not necessarily arithmetic) lattices with \(vol(H\cap \Gamma/H)=\infty\). Several applications are discussed, such as to the limit distribution of orthogonal translates of a divergent geodesic, that is of \(\Gamma\backslash\Gamma Ha(T)\) in \(\Gamma\backslash{\mathbb H}^2\) for \(T\to\infty\) and \(a(T)=diag(e^{T/2},e^{-T/2})\), and to asymptotically counting integral binary quadratic forms with given discriminant and with coefficients bounded by \(T\).

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