Benjamin-Feir instability of Stokes waves in finite depth

DOI10.1007/S00205-023-01916-2MaRDI QIDQ6080952zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Massimiliano Berti, Alberto Maspero, P. Ventura

Publication date 25 October 2023

Published in Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.00809

zbMATH Keywords

Benjamin-Feir unstable eigenvaluebifurcation diagramcritical depth existenceFloquet exponentlinearized problemspectrum

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Stability in context of PDEs (35B35) PDEs in connection with fluid mechanics (35Q35) Water waves, gravity waves; dispersion and scattering, nonlinear interaction (76B15) Hydrodynamic stability (76E99)

Abstract: Whitham and Benjamin predicted in 1967 that small-amplitude periodic traveling Stokes waves of the 2d-gravity water waves equations are linearly unstable with respect to long-wave perturbations, if the depth $mathtth$ is larger than a critical threshold $mathtt{h}_{WB}approx1.363$. In this paper we completely describe, for any value of $mathtth>0$, the four eigenvalues close to zero of the linearized equations at the Stokes wave, as the Floquet exponent $mu$ is turned on. We prove in particular the existence of a unique depth $mathtt{h}_{WB}$, which coincides with the one predicted by Whitham and Benjamin, such that, for any $0<mathtth<mathtt{h}_{WB}$, the eigenvalues close to zero remain purely imaginary and, for any $mathtth>mathtt{h}_{WB}$, a pair of non-purely imaginary eigenvalues depicts a closed figure "8", parameterized by the Floquet exponent. As $mathtthomathtt{h}_{WB}^{+}$ this figure "8" collapses to the origin of the complex plane. The proof combines a symplectic version of Kato's perturbative theory to compute the eigenvalues of a $4imes4$ Hamiltonian and reversible matrix, and KAM inspired transformations to block-diagonalize it. The four eigenvalues have all the same size $O(mu)$ - unlike the infinitely deep water case in [6]- and the correct Benjamin-Feir phenomenon appears only after one non-perturbative block-diagonalization step. In addition one has to track, along the whole proof, the explicit dependence of the entries of the $4imes4$ reduced matrix with respect to the depth $mathtth$.

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Cited in

(17)

• Benjamin-Feir instability of Stokes waves
• Secondary criticality of water waves. Part 2. Unsteadiness and the Benjamin–Feir instability from the viewpoint of hydraulics
• Stokes waves at the critical depth are modulationally unstable
• Stability of hydroelastic waves in deep water
• Stable and unstable Stokes waves
• Transverse instability of Stokes waves at finite depth
• Modulational instability in the b-family equation
• Bifurcations of unstable eigenvalues for Stokes waves derived from conserved energy
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• Stokes waves are unstable, even very small ones
• Full description of Benjamin-Feir instability for generalized Korteweg-de Vries equations
• Proof of the transverse instability of Stokes waves
• Benjamin-Feir instability of wave packets at interface of liquid half-space and layer
• On higher order isolas of unstable Stokes waves

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