Coalgebraic foundations of the method of divided differences

DOI10.1016/0001-8708(92)90012-AMaRDI QIDQ1190229zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Philip Hirschhorn, Louise Arakelian Raphael

Publication date 27 September 1992

Published in Advances in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8708(92)90012-A

algebra automorphisms bialgebra coalgebra coalgebra automorphisms divided differences dual algebra formal power series algebra generating functions Lagrange interpolation Lagrange inversion polynomial interpolation polynomial sequences sequences of Newtonian type Sheffer sequences umbral calculus

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Umbral calculus (05A40)

Review text

The umbral calculus of S. M. Roman, G.-C. Rota, et al., is based on the coalgebra (bialgebra) structure of \(k[x]\) with \(x\) primitive, and studies polynomial sequences \(\{p_ n(x)\}\) of binomial type, i.e., \(p_ n(x+y)= \sum^ n_{k=0} {n\choose k} p_ k(x) p_{n-k}(y)\). The authors develop an umbral calculus based on the coalgebra \(P= k[x]\) (\(k\) a field of characteristic zero), where \(\Delta x^ n={x^ n\otimes 1- 1\otimes x^ n\over x\otimes 1-1\otimes x^ n}= \sum^{n-1}_{i=0} x^ i\otimes x^{n-1-i}\). Here the polynomial sequences \(\{p_ n(x)\}\) of interest are of Newtonian type, i.e., \(p_ n(x)- p_ n(y)= (x- y)\sum^{n-1}_{j=0} p_ j(x)p_{n-j-1}(y)\). The iterates of \(\Delta\) involve classical divided differences. Among the topics studied are the dual algebra \(P^*\), and its subalgebra \(E\) generated by the linear functionals evaluating a polynomial at a fixed point of \(k\), the relation of \(P^*\) to the formal power series algebra, polynomial interpolation, the coalgebra automorphisms of \(P\) and the (continuous) algebra automorphisms of \(P^*\), Lagrange interpolation, the classification of sequences of Newtonian type, Lagrange inversion and Sheffer sequences. Both sequences of Newtonian type and Sheffer sequences are characterized by their generating functions.

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