Derangements in non-Frobenius groups
Let \(G\) be a finite transitive permutation group of degree \(n\). Let \( \delta (G)\) be the proportion of elements in \(G\) which are derangements (= fixed-point-free). There is an extensive literature giving bounds on \(\delta (G)\) as a function of \(n\). There are two main cases:\N\NIf \(G\) is a Frobenius group then \(\delta (G)\geq 1/n\). When \(n\) equals a prime power \(q\) the Frobenius groups \(G_{q}:=\{ x\longmapsto ax+b\mid a,b\in \mathbb{F}_{q}\text{ with }a\neq 0\} \) of degree \(q\) and order \(q(q-1)\) give examples where \(\delta (G)=1/n\).\N\NThe present paper improves earlier bounds for \(\delta (G)\) in the case where \(G\) is not a Frobenius group and verifies several conjectures; see [\textit{R. A. Bailey} et al., J. Algebra 572, 245--262 (2021; Zbl 1462.20001), Conjecture1; \textit{R. M. Guralnick} and \textit{Pham Huu Tiep}, J. Group Theory 6, No. 3, 271--310 (2003; Zbl 1046.20013), p. 272]. Define \( g(n):=(n^{1/2}+1)/(2n)\) and let \(D(G)\) be the subgroup of \(G\) generated by the derangements. Suppose that \(G\) has sufficiently large degree. Then (Theorem 1.1), either (1) \(G\ \)is primitive and Frobenius; or (2) \(\delta (G)\geq g(n) \). (Corollary 1.2) In case (2) \(\vert G:D(G)\vert \leq n^{1/2}-1\). The author also shows that these results imply the following. (Corollary 1.3): Suppose \(\pi :X\rightarrow Y\) is a separable morphism of sufficiently large degree \(n\) between integral normal quasi-projective varieties of dimension \(d \) over a finite field \(\mathbb{F}_{\ell }\). If the Galois closure of \(\pi \) is geometrically integral and the monodromy group of \(\pi \) is not both primitive and Frobenius, then \(\left\vert \pi (X(\mathbb{F}_{\ell }))\right\vert \leq (1-g(n))\ell ^{d}+O_{\pi }(\ell ^{d-1/2})\).
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