Determinantal formulas for zonal spherical functions on hyperboloids
Gauss hypergeometric functionhyperboloidLaplace-Beltrami operatorpseudo-Riemannian symmetric spaceSchrödinger equationsoliton potentials
Classical hypergeometric functions, ({}_2F_1) (33C05) Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45) Spherical harmonics (33C55) Harmonic analysis and spherical functions (43A90) Closed and approximate solutions to the Schrödinger, Dirac, Klein-Gordon and other equations of quantum mechanics (81Q05)
Let \(X\) be a hyperboloid \(x^2_1+\cdots +x^2_p-x^1_{p+1}-\cdots- x^2_{p+q}=1\) in \(\mathbb{R}^{p+q}\). It is a pseudo-Riemannian symmetric space of rank one: \(X=G/H\) with \(G=SO_0(p,q)\) and \(H=SO_0 (p-1,q)\). Introduce on \(X\) polar coordinates associated with the subgroup \(K=SO(p)\times SO(q)\) (maximal compact): \(x=\text{(cosh} t\cdot u,\sinh t\cdot v)\), where \(u,v\) range over the unit spheres in \(\mathbb{R}^p\) and \(\mathbb{R}^q\) respectively. Let \(\varphi\) be a \(K\)-invariant normalized eigenfunction of the Laplace-Beltrami operator \(\Delta\) on \(X\): \(\Delta\varphi =(z^2-\rho^2) \varphi\), where \(\rho=(p+ q-2)/2\). Then it depends on \(t\) only (and on the spectral parameter \(z)\). Therefore, it is an eigenfunction of the radial part of the Laplace-Beltrami operator: \(((d/dt)^2 +((p-1) \tanh t+(q-1)\coth T)) \varphi=(z^2- \rho^2)\varphi\) and can be expressed in terms of the Gauss hypergeometric function: \(\varphi(t,z)= F(( \rho+ z)/2\), \((\rho-z)/2\); \(q/2;- \sinh^2t)\). Denote \(m=(p-3)/2\), \(n=(q-3)/2\). The main result of the paper under review is a determinantal formula for \(\varphi\) in the case when \(m\) and \(n\) are nonnegative integers. Namely, let \(m> n\). Then \(\varphi\) is up to a factor the even part (in \(t)\) of the function \(\Phi (t,z)= e^{(z-\rho)t} b_{m,n}(t,z)/a_{m+1, n+1}(t)\), where \(a_{m,n}(t)= \det (\mathbf{1}+{\mathbf A}^{m,n}(t))\), \(b_{m,n}(t,z)= \det(\mathbf{1}+ {\mathbf B}^{m,n} (t,z))\) and \({\mathbf A}^{m,n}(t)\) and \({\mathbf B}^{m,n}(t,z)\) are some explicitly written square matrices of order \(m\). The entries of these matrices are labelled by \(j,k\in I^{m,n}\), some set of positive integers of cardinality \(m\), and are functions of the form \((j+k)^{-1}\alpha_j e^{-2jt}\) and \((j+k)^{-1} \alpha_j e^{-2jt} (z+j)/(z-j)\) respectively, here \(\alpha_j\) are some numbers. It turns out that \(a_{m,n}(t)\) can be evaluated in a very simple form: it amounts to \((1+e^{-2t})^{m(m+1)/2} (1-e^{-2t})^{n(n+1)/2}\). This fact lies on the basis of the proof of the main formula. Namely, the wave function \(\Psi(t,z)= e^{zt}b_{m,n} (t,z)/a_{m,n}(t)\) solves the Schrödinger equation \(((d/dt)^2 +u(t)-z^2) \psi=0\) with the potential \(u(t)=2 (d/dt)^2\log a_{m,n} (t)=m(m+1) (\cosh t)^{-2}- n(n+1)(\sinh t)^{-2}\). This equation turns out to be just the equation which is obtained from the equation for \(\varphi\) mentioned above by passing to the function \(\psi=(\cosh t)^{m+1}(\sinh t)^{n+1} \varphi\).
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