Duality for General Lipschitz Classes and Applications

DOI10.1112/S0024611597000294MaRDI QIDQ4351435zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 19 January 1998

Published in Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1112/s0024611597000294

completion generalized Lipschitz space Kantorovich norm Monge-Kantorovich mass transfer problem second dual Zygmund space

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Banach spaces of continuous, differentiable or analytic functions (46E15) Sobolev spaces and other spaces of ``smooth functions, embedding theorems, trace theorems (46E35)

Review text

As shown by the author in Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 115, 345-352 (1992; Zbl 0768.46012), for every metric space \((K,d)\) with compact closed balls one has \((\text{lip }\varphi(K))^{**}= \text{Lip }\varphi(K)\), where \(\varphi\) is any majorant (i.e., nondecreasing function on \(\mathbb{R}_+\) with \(\varphi(0+)= \varphi(0)=0\) such that \(\varphi(t)/t\) monotonically tends to \(+\infty\) as \(t\to0\). Here \(\text{Lip }\varphi(K)\) is the Lipschitz space on \(K\) with respect to the metric \(\varphi(d)\), \(\text{lip }\varphi(K)\) is the corresponding ``little Lipschitz space of functions vanishing ``at infinity, and ``\(=\) means ``canonically isometrically isomorphic. The main idea of the proof consisted of finding a normed space \(M\) such that \(M^*= \text{Lip }\varphi(K)\) and \(M^c=(\text{lip }\varphi(K))^*\), where ``\(c\) stands for the completion, and identifying \(M\) with the space of Borel measures on \(K\) equipped with the Kantorovich norm. In the reviewed paper, this argument is carried over to generalized Lipschitz spaces on \(\mathbb{R}^n\) defined in terms of higher-order differences. For an integer \(k\) and for a majorant \(\varphi\) with \(\lim_{t\to 0}\varphi(t)/t^k=+\infty\), define \(\Lambda^k_\varphi\) to be the space of all bounded functions \(f\) on \(\mathbb{R}^n\) such that for some constant \(C\), \(\omega_k(f;t)\leq C\varphi(t)\) for all \(t\geq 0\), where \(\omega_k(f;\cdot)\) is the \(k\)th modulus of continuity of \(f\). Let \(\lambda^k_\varphi\) be the (closed linear separable) subspace in \(\Lambda^k_\varphi\) which consists of functions \(f\) vanishing at ``infinity and such that \(\lim_{t\to 0}\omega_k(f;t)/\varphi(t)= 0\). We introduce an appropriate analogue \(|\cdot|_{k,\varphi}\) of the Kantorovich norm on the space \(M\) of finite Borel measures on \(\mathbb{R}^n\) with compact support. The properties of this norm for \(k\geq 2\) are significantly different from those of the Kantorovich norm \((k=1)\) which reflects the difference in analytic nature of generalized Lipschitz spaces versus classical ones. However, the core of the duality theory survives, and it is shown that \((M,|\cdot|_{k,\varphi})^*= \Lambda^k_\varphi\), \((M,|\cdot|_{k,\varphi})^c= (\lambda^k_\varphi)^*\) and consequently, \((\lambda^k_\varphi)^{**}= \Lambda^k_\varphi\). Several applications of these results are discussed, and a few open problems are formulated.

Recommendations

Cited in

(21)

This page was built for publication: Duality for General Lipschitz Classes and Applications

Report a bug (only for logged in users!)Click here to report a bug for this page (MaRDI item Q4351435)