Entanglement of observables: quantum conditional probability approach
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conditional probabilitycorrelationsdependent classical random variablesentanglementHilbert space representationobservablesquantum probability
Hilbert and pre-Hilbert spaces: geometry and topology (including spaces with semidefinite inner product) (46C05) Measures of association (correlation, canonical correlation, etc.) (62H20) Quantum coherence, entanglement, quantum correlations (81P40) Correspondence, duality, holography (AdS/CFT, gauge/gravity, etc.) (81T35)
Abstract: This paper is devoted to clarification of the notion of entanglement through decoupling it from the tensor product structure and treating as a constraint posed by probabilistic dependence of quantum observable A and B. In our framework, it is meaningless to speak about entanglement without pointing to the fixed observables A and B, so this is AB-entanglement. Dependence of quantum observables is formalized as non-coincidence of conditional probabilities. Starting with this probabilistic definition, we achieve the Hilbert space characterization of the AB-entangled states as amplitude non-factorisable states. In the tensor product case, -entanglement implies standard entanglement, but not vice verse. AB-entanglement for dichotomous observables is equivalent to their correlation. We describe the class of quantum states that are A_u B_u-entangled for a family of unitary operators (u). Finally, observables entanglement is compared with dependence of random variables in classical probability theory.
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