Ergodic average of typical orbits and typical functions

Ergodic theorems, spectral theory, Markov operators (37A30) Dynamical systems involving transformations and group actions with special properties (minimality, distality, proximality, expansivity, etc.) (37B05) Orbit growth in dynamical systems (37C35) Continuous maps (54C05)

Abstract: In this article we mainly aim to know what kind of asymptotic behavior of typical orbits can display. For example, we show in any transitive system, the emprical measures of a typical orbit can cover all emprical measures of dense orbits and can intersect some physical-like measures. In particular, if the union set of emprical measures of all dense orbits is not singleton, then the typical orbit will display historic behavior simultaneously for typical continuous functions and the limit set of ergodic average along every continuous function equals to a closed interval composed by the union of limit sets of ergodic average on all dense orbits. Moreover, if the union set of emprical measures of all dense orbits contains all ergodic measures, the above interval equals to the rotation set. These results are not only suitable for systems with specification-like properties or minimal systems, but also suitable for many other systems including all general (not assumed uniformly hyperbolic) nontrivial homoclinic classes and Bowen eyes. Moreover, we introduce a new property called m-g-product property weaker than classical specification property and minimal property and nontrivial examples are constructed.

Review text

The authors discuss certain asymptotic behavior of typical orbits. Let \((X,d)\) be a compact metric space and \(T:X\to X\) be a continuous map. Denote by \(\mathcal{M}(X)\) and \(\mathcal{M}(X,T)\) the space of probability measures and the space of \(T\)-invariant measures, respectively. For \(x\in X\) and \(f\in C(X)\) define \[\underline{f}(x):=\liminf_{n\to\infty}\frac1n\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}f(T^ix),\] \[\overline{f}(x):=\limsup_{n\to\infty}\frac1n\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}f(T^ix). \] Denote by \[I(f,T):=\{x\in X: \underline{f}(x)\ne\overline{f}(x)\}\] the set of \textit{\(f\)-irregular points} and by \(V_T(x)\) the set of accumulation points of the empirical measures \[\left\{\frac1n\sum_{i=1}^n\delta_{T^ix}\right\}_{n=1}^\infty.\] Let \(\rho\) be a metric for the weak-\(*\) topology on \(\mathcal{M}(X)\). For \(K\subset\mathcal{M}(X,T)\), define \[G^K:=\bigl\{x\in X: K\subset V_T(x)\bigr\},\] \[G^K_\epsilon:=\left\{x\in X:\sup_{\mu\in K}\Bigl(\inf_{\nu\in V_T(x)} \rho\bigl(\mu, \nu\bigr)\Bigr)\le\epsilon\right\},\] and \[\mathcal{M}^*_{\mathrm{dense}}:=\left\{\mu\in\mathcal{M}(X,T): G^{\{\mu\}}_\epsilon\text{ is dense in }X\text{ for any }\epsilon>0\right\},\] \[\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{res}}:=\left\{\mu\in\mathcal{M}(X,T): G^{\{\mu\}}\text{ is residual in }X\right\}.\] When \((X,T)\) is transitive, denote \[\mathrm{\mathrm{Trans}}(X,T):=\bigl\{x\in X: \{T^nx:n\in\mathbb{N}\}\text{ is dense in }X\bigr\}\] and \[\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{trans}}:=\bigcup_{y\in\mathrm{Trans}(X,T)}V_T(y).\] When \(X\) is a manifold, a measure \(\mu\in\mathcal{M}(X, T)\) is called \textit{physical-like} if \(G_\epsilon^{\{\mu\}}\) has positive Lebesgue measure for all \(\epsilon>0\). In the first main theorem, under the assumption that \(\#\mathcal{M}^*_{\mathrm{dense}}>1\), the authors show that \(\mathcal{M}^*_{\mathrm{dense}}=\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{res}}\) and that there exist a residual invariant subset \(Y\subset X\) and an open dense subset \(\mathfrak{U}\subset C(X)\) such that for any \(x\in Y\) and any \(f\in\mathfrak{U}\): (1) \(\mathcal{M}^*_{\mathrm{dense}}\subset V_T(x)\); (2) There holds \[\underline{f}(x)\le\inf\limits_{\mu\in\mathcal{M}^*_{\mathrm{dense}}}\int f d\mu <\sup\limits_{\mu\in\mathcal{M}^*_{\mathrm{dense}}}\int f d\mu\le\overline{f}(x);\] (3) If \(X\) is a manifold, the point \(x\) has \textit{physical-like behavior}, i.e., \(V_T(x)\) contains at least one physical-like measure. If in addition \((X,T)\) is transitive, it is shown that for any \(x\in Y\) and any \(f\in C(X)\): (1) \(x\in \mathrm{Trans}(X,T)\) and \(V_T(x)=\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{trans}}\); (2) There holds \[\underline{f}(x)=\inf\limits_{y\in \mathrm{Trans}(X,T)}\underline{f}(y) =\inf\limits_{\mu\in\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{trans}}}\int f d\mu \] \[ \qquad \qquad \qquad\le\sup\limits_{\mu\in\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{trans}}}\int f d\mu =\sup\limits_{y\in \mathrm{Trans}(X,T)}\overline{f}(y) =\overline{f}(x);\] (3) The set \[\mathcal{R}:=\left\{f\in C(X): I(f,T)\text{ is residual in } X\right\}\] is open and dense in \(C(X)\). In another theorem the authors show that the property \(\#\mathcal{M}^*_{\mathrm{dense}}>1\) holds if the system is not uniquely ergodic and satisfies certain specification-like properties. Some non-trivial examples are constructed.

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