Existence of knotted vortex tubes in steady Euler flows
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Abstract: We prove the existence of knotted and linked thin vortex tubes for steady solutions to the incompressible Euler equation in R^3. More precisely, given a finite collection of (possibly linked and knotted) disjoint thin tubes in R^3, we show that they can be transformed with a C^m-small diffeomorphism into a set of vortex tubes of a Beltrami field that tends to zero at infinity. The structure of the vortex lines in the tubes is extremely rich, presenting a positive-measure set of invariant tori and infinitely many periodic vortex lines. The problem of the existence of steady knotted vortex tubes can be traced back to Lord Kelvin.
The purpose of this paper is the proof of a theorem which states that knotted and linked thin vortex tubes for steady solutions to the incompressible Euler equation in \(\mathbb{R}^3\) exist. The proof consists of three steps, which are gradually improved in the paper. {\parindent=4mm \begin{itemize} \item[--] The construction of a local Beltrami field, which satisfies the Beltrami equation \(\mathrm{curl}~v=\lambda v\), and has a set of certain invariant tori. \item [--] It is proved that these invariant tori are ``robust in a certain sense. \item [--] It is proved that the local Beltrami field can be approximated by a global field, which satisfies the Beltrami equation in \(\mathbb{R}^3\), and drops off at infinity in an optimal way. \end{itemize}} The proofs use Lyapunov stability, Cauchy-Schwartz, Poincaré, Jensen and Sobolev inequalities, Hodge decomposition, Riesz representation theorem, Fredholm alternative, Poincaré map, Hahn-Banach theorem, Riesz-Markov theorem, Poissons equation and spherical Bessel functions. Finally, applications to Navier-Stokes equation are briefly discussed.
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