Geometry of hyperfields

Reacall that a hyperfield is a nonempty set with two binary operations satisfying the same axioms as for a field, except that one allows addition to be multi-valued (hyperaddition). A topological hyperfield is a hyperfield \(H\) with a topology having the conditions (1) The multiplication \(H\times H\longrightarrow H\), where \(H\times H\) is equiped with product topology is continuous. (2) \(H^{\times}=H\setminus(0)\) is open, and the inversion map \(H^{\times}\longrightarrow H^{\times}\) is continuous. The paper deals with the following three topological hyperfields: (1) Krasner hyperfield: Let \(\mathbb{K}=\{0,1\}\) be a commutative monoid with multiplication \(1.0=0\) and \(1.1=1\). The hyperaddition \(0+1=1+0=1\), \(0+0=0\) and \(1+1=\{0,1\}\). The open subsets of the topology are: \(\emptyset\), \(\{1\}\), \(\mathbb{K}\). (2) Tropical hyperfield: Let \(\mathbb{T}=\mathbb{R}\cup\{-\infty\}\), where \(\mathbb{R}\) is the set of real numbers. The multiplication \(\odot\) is the usual addition of \(\mathbb{R}\) such that \(a\odot(-\infty)=-\infty\) for all \(a\in\mathbb{T}\). The hyperaddition is defined by \(a\oplus b=\max\{a,b\}\) if \(a\not=b\) and \(a\oplus a=\{c\in \mathbb{T}, c\leq a\}\). Then \(\mathbb{T}\) is endowed with the Euclidean topology. (3) Hyperfield of signs: Let \(\mathbb{S}=\{-1,0,1\}\) be a commutative monoid with multiplication \(1.1=1\), \((-1)(-1)=1\), \((-1).1=-1\), \(1.0=(-1).0=0.0=0\). The hyperaddition follows the rule of signs \(1+1=1\), \((-1)+(-1)=-1\), \(1+0=1\), \((-1)+0=-1\), \(1+(-1)=\{-1,0,1\}\). The open subsets of the topology are \(\emptyset\), \(\{1\}\), \(\{-1\}\), \(\{-1,1\}\), \(\mathbb{S}\). In this paper, the author considers a scheme \(X\) over \(\mathbb{Z}\) and a topological hyperfield \(H\). The set \(X(H)\) of the \(H-\)rational points of \(X\) is endowed with the fine topology. Then he proves (1) When \(H\) is the Krasner hyperfield, \(X(H)\) is homeomorphic to the underlying space of type \(X\). (2) When \(H\) is the tropical hyperfield and \(X\) is of finite type over a complete non-Archimedean valued field, \(X(H)\) is homeomorphic to the underlying space of the Berkovich analytification \(X^{an}\) of \(X\). (3) When \(H\) is the hyperfield of signs, \(X(H)\) is homeomorphic to the underlying space of the real scheme \(X_r\) associated with \(X\).

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