The geometry of blueprints. I: Algebraic background and scheme theory

Abstract: In this paper, we introduce the category of blueprints, which is a category of algebraic objects that include both commutative (semi)rings and commutative monoids. This generalization allows a simultaneous treatment of ideals resp. congruences for rings and monoids and leads to a common scheme theory. In particular, it bridges the gap between usual schemes and

m a t h b b F_{1}

-schemes (after Kato, Deitmar and Connes-Consani). Beside this unification, the category of blueprints contains new interesting objects as "improved" cyclotomic field extensions

m a t h b b F_{1^{n}}

of

m a t h b b F_{1}

and "archimedean valuation rings". It also yields a notion of semiring schemes. This first paper lays the foundation for subsequent projects, which are devoted to the following problems: Tits' idea of Chevalley groups over

m a t h b b F_{1}

, congruence schemes, sheaf cohomology,

K

-theory and a unified view on analytic geometry over

m a t h b b F_{1}

, adic spaces (after Huber), analytic spaces (after Berkovich) and tropical geometry.

Review text

The notion of blueprints is a common generalization of the notions of monoids and rings. A blueprint can be understood as a pair \((M,S)\), where \(S\) is a semi-ring and \(M\subset S\) a multiplicative submonoid which generates \(S\) as a semi-ring. A ring \(R\) defines a blueprint via \((R,R)\), a monoid \(A\) gives the blueprint \((A,{\mathbb Z}[A])\). A morphism of blueprints \((M,S)\to (M',S')\) is a semi-ring homomorphism \(\phi:S\to S'\) satisfying \(\phi(M)\subset M'\). The current paper first studies the categorial properties of blueprints. Then ideals and congruences are introduced. Finally, the notion of a blue scheme is defined. This is a straightforward generalization of the notion of a scheme using prime ideal spaces as spectra. In general, the relation between a blueprint \(B\) and the global sections \(\Gamma B\) of its spectrum is more complicated than for rings or monoids, as the canonical morphism \(B\to\Gamma B\) is not necessarily an isomorphism. However, it induces an isomorphism of blue schemes \(\text{Spec}(\Gamma B)\cong\text{Spec}(B)\) and one gets \(\Gamma\Gamma B=\Gamma B\). This is the first step of an ambitious program, which encompasses sheaf cohomology, \(K\)-theory, and a unified view on analytic geometry over \({\mathbb Q}_p\) or \({\mathbb F}_1\).

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