Hypergeometric functions over an arbitrary field

This paper presents a theory of hypergeometric functions over any continuous locally compact or finite field \(K\). It is the continuation of a series of papers [\textit{I. M. Gelfand}, Sov. Math., Dokl. 33, 573-577 (1986); translation from Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 288, 14-18 (1986; Zbl 0645.33010); \textit{I. M. Gelfand} and \textit{M. I. Graev}, Russ. Math. Surv. 52, No.4, 639--684 (1997); translation from Usp. Mat. Nauk 52, No.4, 3--48 (1997; Zbl 0922.33010), Dokl. Math. 64, No. 3, 402--406 (2001); translation from Dokl. Akad. Nauk, Ross. Akad. Nauk 381, No. 6, 732--737 (2001; Zbl 1059.33019), Russ. Math. Surv. 56, No. 4, 615--647 (2001); translation from Usp. Mat. Nauk 56, No. 4, 3--34 (2001; Zbl 1060.33019), Sov. Math., Dokl. 36, No. 1, 5--10 (1987); translation from Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 295, 14--19 (1987; Zbl 0661.22005); \textit{I. M. Gelfand, M. I. Graev} and \textit{V. S. Retakh}, Russ. Math. Surv. 47, No. 4, 1--88 (1992); translation from Usp. Mat. Nauk 47, No. 4(286), 3--82 (1992; Zbl 0798.33010), \textit{I. M. Gelfand, A. V. Zelevinski} and \textit{M. M. Kapranov}, Funct. Anal. Appl. 23, No.2, 94-106 (1989); translation from Funkts. Anal. Prilozh. 23, No. 2, 12--26 (1989; Zbl 0787.33012)]. Let \(K\) be an arbitrary locally compact field (and \(\widetilde{K}\) an arbitrary finite extension of \(K), K^* =K \backslash \{0\}, \Pi \) the group of multiplicative characters of \(K\). Denote by \({\mathcal D}\) the space of test function on \((K^*)^n\); in the cases \(K =\mathbb{R}\) and \(K =\mathbb{C}\) these spaces are the usual ones of \(C^{\infty}\)-functions compactly supported. For \(K\) non-Archimedian it is the space of compactly supported piecewise constant functions. Let \(\widetilde{{\mathcal D}}\) be the space of Mellin transforms of functions of \({\mathcal D}\), i.e. functions on \(\Pi^n\) of the form \(\varphi (\pi)= \int_{(k^* )^n}f(t) \pi (t) \,d^* t\) when \(d^* t\) is an invariant measure in \((K^*)^n, d^{\ast}t=\prod_{i=1}^n d^* t_i\), when \(d^{\ast} t_i=H_i |^{-1} \,dt\) where \(dt\) is a measure on \(K\) invariant with respect to addition, \(f \in {\mathcal D}\). With any integral the \(n \times N\) matrix \(\omega \) the authors associate the function \[ F(t, x) =\chi \biggl(\sum_{j=1}^N x_j t_1^{\omega_{ij}} \ldots t_m^{\omega_{nj}}\biggr), \quad t \in (k^{*})^n,\;x \in \widetilde{K}^N \] and \(\chi \not\equiv 1\) is a fixed character of \(\widetilde{K}\); this function can be interpreted as a distribution on \({\mathcal D} \) depending on a parameter \(x \in \mathbb{C}^V\). Consider \(\Phi (z, x)\) the Mellin transform of this distribution with respect \(t \in \mathbb{R}^{n}\), i.e. \(\langle\Phi , {\mathcal M} f\rangle =\int_{(K^{*})^n} F(t, x) f(t^{-1}) d^{\ast}t\) \((f \in {\mathcal D})\). \(\Phi \) is by definition the generalized hypergeometric function associated with the matrix \(\omega \). To the character group \(\Pi\) one associates a \(\Gamma \) function, for which different relations are derived. In the case of \(K\) non-Archimedian field, every \(x \in K^{*}\) can be uniquely represented by \(x=\wp^n y\) where \(\wp \) is a fixed element with valuation \(a^{-1}\), \(n \in \mathbb{Z} y \in {\mathcal O}^{\ast} ({\mathcal O}^{\ast}= \) the multiplicative group of elements of unit valuation). In this case, the characters \(\pi \in \Pi\) are given by \(\pi (\wp^t y) = \lambda^k {\mathcal O}(y) y \in {\mathcal O}^{*}, {\mathcal O} \in \Theta\) (= the character group of the group \({\mathcal O}^{*})\): The \(\Gamma \) function in this case is given by the formula \[ \Gamma (\lambda , \theta)= \begin{cases} \lambda^n \gamma_{-n} (\theta ) & \text{of rank } \theta = n >0,\\ \frac{1-(q \lambda )^{-1}}{1-x} & \text{for } \theta =1, \end{cases} \] where \(\gamma_k (\theta ) =\prod_{|t| =1} \xi (\wp^kt) \theta (t) \,dt\) \((k \in \mathbb{Z})\) and the rank of \(\theta \in \Theta \) is the smallest number such that \(\theta (1+ \wp^nt) \equiv 1\) for \(|t| \leq 1\). Properties of the functions \(\varphi (\pi, x) =\varphi (\pi, \omega, x)\) and studied in detail and explicit representations are given. The distribution \(\varphi \) can be formally represented as a divergent integral \[ \varphi (\pi, x) = \int_{K^{*}} r^n \xi \Bigl(\sum x; t_1^{\omega_{1j}} \ldots t_n^{\omega_n j}\Bigr) \prod_{i=1}^n \pi_j (t_i) \,d^{*} t_i. \] The regularization of this integral (which can be carried in different ways) give rise in general to different functions but satisfying the same relations as the distribution \(\Phi \). The regularization is simplified in the case of a non-Archimedian field \(K\),which reduces to regularization of a certain Laurent series. The case when the matrix \(\omega \) is a row vector is studied in particular. Another special case, called by the authors hypergemetric functions of Gaussian type is studied in detail. These are hyperbolic functions associated with the Grassmanian \(G_{2,4}\) over an arbitrary local field (in particular, for \(K = \mathbb{R}\), the relation to the Gauss hypergeometric function is studied). In the second chapter the authors study hypergeometric functions over a finite field. Let \(F=F_q\) a finite field of order \(q=p^n, p\) prime, \(\neq 2, \chi \not \equiv 1\) a fixed additive character on \(F, P =F \backslash \{0\}, \Pi\) the group of the characters on \(P\) (considered defined on \(F\) by the condition \(\pi (0)=0\)). If \((\omega_{ij})\) is a \(n \times N\) matrix with entries in \(\mathbb{Z}_{q-1}= \mathbb{Z}/_{(q-1) \mathbb{Z}}\), we denote by \(\omega : P^n \rightarrow P^N\), respectively \(\omega : \Pi^N \rightarrow \Pi^N\) the morphisms \(\omega t =((t^{\omega})_j)_{j=1 \ldots n}\) with \((t^{\omega})_j =t_1^{\omega_{ij}} \ldots t_n^{\omega_{nj}}\) respectively \(\omega \tau = (\tau_1^{\omega_{1j}} \ldots \tau_{N}^{\omega_{iN}})_{i=1 \ldots n}\). A general hypergeometric function (GHF) associated to \(\omega \) is a function \(\varphi (\pi, x, \omega )_{nj}\) on \(\Pi^n \times P^N\) given by \[ \varphi (\pi, x, \omega ) =\sum_{t \in p^n} \Biggl(\chi \biggl(\sum_{j=1}^N x_j, t_1^{\omega_{1j}} \ldots t_n^{\omega_{nj}}\biggr) \prod_{j=1}^n \pi_j (t_i)\Biggr). \] Different properties and relations of GHFs are derived. In particular, for \(n \geq N\), by a composition of transformations of the form \((x,\omega ) \rightarrow (x^{\sigma } \omega^{\sigma})\) or \((\pi, \omega ) \rightarrow (a \pi, a \omega )\) the GHF associated to \(\omega \) can be reduced to a GHF associated to a triangular matrix. Different particular cases are considered, the authors consider hypergeometric functions associated with Grassmanian over finite fields and hypergeometric functions of Gaussian type. In a supplement, hypergeometric functions over the field of rational numbers are studied; these are introduced by an appropriate definition of the Mellin transform in this case. They define the generalized gamma function \(\Gamma (\lambda )\) and the incomplete function \(\Gamma_{t_0} (\lambda )\) by \(\Gamma (\lambda ) = \varphi (\lambda_1 -1), \Gamma_0 (\lambda ) = \varphi_{t_0} (\lambda_1 -1)\) where \(\varphi (\lambda , x)\) is the generalized hypergeometric function associated with the matrix \(\omega = (1, \ldots , 1, \ldots )\). The distributions \(\Gamma (\lambda )\), respectively \(\Gamma_{t_0} (\lambda )\) are given by the formal series \(\Gamma (\lambda )= \sum_{t \in p} e^{-t} t^x\) and \(\Gamma_{t_0}(\lambda )= \sum_{t \geq t_0} e^{-t} t^{\lambda}\). If \(\operatorname{Re} \lambda_n \geq c\) for any \(n\) and \(c>1\), the last series converges. In particular \(\Gamma_{t_0} (\lambda ) =\sum_0^{\infty} \zeta (n+s) \frac{(-1)^n}{x!}\) when \(\zeta (s)\) is the Riemann zeta function.

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