Integration of twisted Dirac brackets

DOI10.1215/S0012-7094-04-12335-8MaRDI QIDQ1880386zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Henrique Bursztyn, Marius Crainic, Alan Weinstein, Chenchang Zhu

Publication date 27 September 2004

Published in Duke Mathematical Journal (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0303180, https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/0sj2522r

Dirac structures integration of Lie algebroids Poisson structures twisted Dirac structures

Topological groupoids (including differentiable and Lie groupoids) (22A22) Poisson manifolds; Poisson groupoids and algebroids (53D17) Pseudogroups and differentiable groupoids (58H05)

Abstract: The correspondence between Poisson structures and symplectic groupoids, analogous to the one of Lie algebras and Lie groups, plays an important role in Poisson geometry; it offers, in particular, a unifying framework for the study of hamiltonian and Poisson actions. In this paper, we extend this correspondence to the context of Dirac structures twisted by a closed 3-form. More generally, given a Lie groupoid

G

over a manifold

M

, we show that multiplicative 2-forms on

G

relatively closed with respect to a closed 3-form

p h i

on

M

correspond to maps from the Lie algebroid of

G

into the cotangent bundle

T^{*} M

of

M

, satisfying an algebraic condition and a differential condition with respect to the

p h i

-twisted Courant bracket. This correspondence describes, as a special case, the global objects associated to twisted Dirac structures. As applications, we relate our results to equivariant cohomology and foliation theory, and we give a new description of quasi-hamiltonian spaces and group-valued momentum maps.

Review text

Dirac structures were introduced by \textit{T. J. Courant} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 319, No. 2, 631--661 (1990; Zbl 0850.70212), and with \textit{A. Weinstein} [Trav. Cours 27, 39--49 (1988; Zbl 0698.58020)] as a generalization of Poisson structures, presymplectic forms and regular foliations. Courant's main motivation was to study constrained mechanical systems. Connection of Poisson structures to topological sigma-models led to the definition of Poisson structures twisted by a closed \(3\)-form and more generally twisted Dirac structures [\textit{P. Severa} and \textit{A. Weinstein}, Prog. Theor. Phys., Suppl. 144, 145--154 (2001; Zbl 1029.53090)]. In [\textit{M. Crainic} and \textit{R. L. Fernandes}, Ann. Math. (2) 157, No. 2, 575--620 (2003; Zbl 1037.22003)] it was shown that many Lie algebroids are integrable, i.e.~there is a Lie groupoid such that the given Lie algebroid is the Lie algebroid to this Lie groupoid. This result by Crainic and Fernandes should be viewed as a generalization of Lie's third theorem stating that an abstract Lie algebra is always the Lie algebra to a Lie group. The integration of such a Lie algebroid is not only an enourmous conceptual progress, but it rapidly turned out that this integration is very useful for solving analytical problems on non-compact, complete manifolds and on foliated manifolds. In a similar way, it was shown in [\textit{A. Coste, P. Dazord} and \textit{A. Weinstein}, Publ. Dép. Math., Nouv. Sér., Univ. Claude Bernard, Lyon 2/A, 1--62 (1987; Zbl 0668.58017), \textit{M. Crainic} and \textit{R. L. Fernandes}, J. Differ. Geom. 66, No. 1, 71--137 (2004; Zbl 1066.53131)] that the infinitesimal object ``integrable (twisted) Poisson structure could be integrated to a (twisted) symplectic groupoid. In view of this, it is natural to ask for an integration of the more general twisted Dirac structures. This is the subject of the article under review. A twisted Dirac structure gives rise to a Lie algebroid structure. This Lie algebroid structure can be integrated to a Lie groupoid. The main task is now to determine the additional structure on the Lie groupoid that arises by integrating the twisted Dirac structure. A Lie groupoid with such an additional structure is called \textit{\(\phi\)-twisted presymplectic groupoid}. To give some more details: Let \(G\) be a \(2n\)-dimensional Lie groupoid over an \(n\)-dimensional manifold \(M\) with target map \(t\) and source map \(s\). We assume that \(\phi\) is a closed \(3\)-form on \(M\). Then \((G,\omega,\phi)\) is called a \textit{\(\phi\)-twisted presymplectic groupoid} if \(\omega\) is a multiplicative \(2\)-form on \(G\) such that \[ d\omega = s^*\phi -t^*\phi \] and \[ \text{ ker\;}(\omega_x)\cap \text{ ker}(ds)_x \cap \text{ ker}(dt)_x=\{0\} \] for all \(x\in M\). The main result of the article is that modulo integrability issues, there is a \(\phi\)-twisted presymplectic groupoid for any \(\phi\)-twisted Dirac structure, and that \(\phi\)-twisted Dirac structure arise infinitesimally from \(\phi\)-twisted presymplectic groupoids. This correspondence is bijective if we only consider \(s\)-simply connected Lie groupoids. The article starts with a well written introduction to the subjects, which provides motivation, the historical background and suitable references. Section~2 gives definitions and basic properties of the main objects of the article such as ``twisted Dirac structures, ``groupoids and ``multiplicative \(2\)-forms. At the end of this section, the main results are properly stated. The following sections are devoted to the proof. After having proved several technical preliminaries about multiplicative \(2\)-forms in section 3, the authors describe the passage from twisted presymplectic groupoids to twisted Dirac structures (section 4), and the inverse procedure in section~5. Section~6 is mainly devoted to examples. The example of Cartan-Dirac structures on Lie groups leads to section~7, in which the associated Alekseev-Malkin-Meinrenken groupoid is studied. Finally, section 8 studies multiplicative \(2\)-forms on foliation groupoids, and the connections to the spectral sequence of this foliation.

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