Invariance problems of generalized weighted classical means

DOI10.1007/S00010-025-01220-2MaRDI QIDQ6887931zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors D. Głazowska, Janusz Matkowski

Publication date 9 December 2025

Published in Aequationes Mathematicae (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1007/S00010-025-01220-2

zbMATH Keywords

differential equationfunctional equationinvariant meaniterationmeanmean-type mapping

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Means (26E60) Iteration theory, iterative and composite equations (39B12) Functional equations for real functions (39B22)

Review text

The paper investigates invariance equations for generalized weighted arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means generated by real functions \(f,g,h\). These means generalize the classical weighted means and were introduced in earlier work. The main objects of study are functional equations of the form\N\[\NA_f\circ (A_g,A_h)=A_f,\qquad G_f\circ (G_g,G_h)=G_f,\qquad H_f\circ (H_g,H_h)=H_f,\N\]\Nwhere \(A_f\), \(G_f\), and \(H_f\) denote generalized weighted arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means, respectively.\N\NFor each type of mean, the authors first consider invariance under weak structural assumptions such as translativity or homogeneity, expressed by appropriate functional inequalities. In these cases, it is shown that invariance forces the generalized means to reduce to classical weighted arithmetic, geometric, or harmonic means. Under additional regularity assumptions, namely twice differentiability of \(f\) and differentiability of \(g\) and \(h\), local characterizations are obtained: on maximal subintervals, either the invariant mean is classical or all involved means coincide.\N\NA structural connection between generalized weighted arithmetic and geometric means via logarithmic transformation is used to transfer results between the two settings. The paper also discusses convergence of iterates of the associated mean-type mappings, based on known results concerning invariant means.

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