scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1435939

Iteration of real functions in one variable (26A18) Representation and superposition of functions (26B40) Means (26E60) Iteration theory, iterative and composite equations (39B12) Functional equations for real functions (39B22) Convergence and divergence of series and sequences of functions (40A30) Fixed-point and coincidence theorems (topological aspects) (54H25)

Review text

Let \(I\) be a real interval, \(M_k:I^p\to I\) be continuous functions and mean values, that is, \[ \min(x_1,\dots{},x_p)\leq M_k(x_1,\dots{},x_p)\leq \max(x_1,\dots{},x_p) \tag{M} \] for all \(x_j\in I\) \((j=1,\dots{},p\), \(k=1,2,\dots{})\) with all but (at most) one \(M_k\) a strict mean (i.e., \(\leq\) in (M) is replaced by \(<\) if the \(x_1,\dots{},x_p\) are not all equal). Define further \(M_{k,1}=M_k,\) \[ M_{k,n+1}(x_1,\dots{},x_p)=M_k(M_{1,n}(x_1,\dots{},x_p),\dots{}, M_{k,n}(x_1,\dots{},x_p)) \] \((k=1,\dots{},p\); \(n=1,2,\dots{}).\) In the case where \(p=2\) and \(M_1,M_2\) is the arithmetic and geometric mean, respectively, this algorithm leads, of course, to the medium arithmetico-geometricum of Gauss. Here is a couple of other references for this type of iteration of means: \textit{I. Fenyö} [Acta Univ. Szeged., Acta Sci. Math. 13, 36-42 (1949; Zbl 0034.32701)] and \textit{J. M. Borwein} and \textit{P. B. Borwein} [Am. Math. Mon. 94, 519-522 (1987; Zbl 0628.26003)]. The author offers as main result that under these conditions the sequences \(\{M_{k,n}\}_{n=1}^\infty\) have a unique common (pointwise) limit \(K,\) which is a continuous mean value and satisfies (obviously) \[ K(x_1,\dots{},x_p)=K(M_1(x_1,\dots{},x_p),\dots{}, M_p(x_1,\dots{},x_p)). \] Remarks and examples follow.

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