On the isoperimetric problem with perimeter density \(r^p\) (Q1660083)

If \(\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^n\) is a bounded open set with Lipschitz boundary \(\partial \Omega\), then the generalized isoperimetric inequality \[ \left(\frac{n\left| \Omega \right|}{\omega_{n-1}}\right) ^{\frac{n+p-1}{n}}\leq \frac{1}{\omega_{n-1}}\int\nolimits_{\partial \Omega}\left| x\right| ^{p}d{\mathcal{H}}^{n-1}(x)\leqno{(*)} \] is true under appropriate assumptions on \(\Omega\), \(p\), and \(n\), where \(\left| \Omega \right|\) denotes the \(n\)-dimensional Lebesgue measure of \(\Omega\), \(d{\mathcal{H}}^{n-1}(x)\) is the \((n-1)\)-dimensional Hausdorff measure, and \(\omega_{n-1}={\mathcal{H}}^{n-1}(S^{n-1})\) is the surface area of the unit \(n-1\) sphere. This is the isoperimetric problem in \(\mathbb R^n\) with perimeter density \(|x|^p\). Many results concerning the inequality \((*)\) are known. For example, in case of \(p=0\), this is the classical isoperimetric inequality with the equality when \(\Omega\) is a ball centered at the origin. For \(p>0\) this inequality is always true. In [Differ. Integral Equ. 28, No. 9--10, 971--988 (2015; Zbl 1363.49040)], the present author considered the case of \(n=2\) and \(-1\leq p\leq 0\). In this paper, the author makes further contributions to the isoperimetric problem. For the case \(n=2\), it is shown that the inequality \((*)\) is elementary and it is true for all \(p\in\mathbb R\backslash(0,1)\). If \(p\in(0,1)\), then minimizers of the weighted perimeter still exist, but they are not intervals centered at the origin. For \(n=2\), the author shows that for a bounded open Lipschitz set \(\Omega\subset\mathbb R^2\) the following statements are true: (i)\,if \(p\geq 0\), then \((*)\) holds for all \(\Omega\), (ii)\, if \(-1<p<0\), then \((*)\) holds for all \(\Omega\) connected and containing the origin, (iii)\, if \(p<-1\), then \((*)\) holds for all \(\Omega\) containing the origin, and (iv)\, in case (i), if \(\Omega\) is \(C^2\) and there is equality in \((*)\), then \(\Omega\) must be a ball and centered at the origin if \(p\neq 0\). If there is equality in case (ii) and (iii), then also \(\Omega\) must be a ball. For \(n\geq 3\), the author proves that for a bounded open Lipschitz set \(\Omega\subset\mathbb R^n\) the following statements are true: (i)\, if \(p\geq 0\), \((*)\) holds for all \(\Omega\), (ii)\, if \(-n+1<p<0\), then \(\inf\left\{\int\limits_{\partial \Omega}|x|^pd{\mathcal{H}}^{n-1}\right\}=0\) when \(0\in\Omega\) is connected and \(|\Omega|=C\) for any \(C>0\), where the infimum is taken over all bounded open smooth sets, (iii)\, if \(p\leq-n+1\), then \((*)\) holds for all \(\Omega\) containing the origin, and (iv)\, if there is equality in case (i) or (iii), then \(\Omega\) must be a ball and centered at the origin if \(p\neq 0\).