Counterexamples to the local-global divisibility over elliptic curves (Q1663355)

Let \(k\) be a number field, \(\mathcal{A}\) be a commutative algebraic group defined over \(k\), and \(P \in \mathcal{A}(k)\). Assume that for all but finitely many valuations \(v\) of \(k\), there exists \(D_v \in \mathcal{A}(k_v)\) such that \(P = q D_v\), where \(q\) is a positive integer. When can one conclude that there exists \(D \in \mathcal{A}(k)\) such that \(P = qD\)? The author uses an interpretation of this problem due to \textit{R. Dvornicich} and \textit{U. Zannier} in terms of the vanishing of a certain local cohomology group [Bull. Soc. Math. Fr. 129, No. 3, 317--338; (2001; Zbl 0987.14016)]. This paper focuses on groups that come from elliptic curves. Building on prior work together with several collaborators, the author proves the following. Theorem: Let \(p \geq 5\) be a prime number, let \(k\) be a number field and let \(\mathcal{E}\) be an elliptic curve defined over \(k\). Suppose that there exists a positive integer \(n\) such that the local-global divisibility by \(p^n\) does not hold over \(\mathcal{E}(k)\). The one of the following holds.\newline \textbf{1.}\ \(p \equiv 2 \pmod{3}\) and \(\text{Gal}(k(\mathcal{E}[p])/k)\) is isomorphic to a subgroup of \(S_3\) of order divisible by \(3\);\newline \textbf{2.}\ \(\text{Gal}(k(\mathcal{E}[p])/k)\) is cyclic of order dividing \(p-1\), and it is generated by an element that has an eigenvalue equal to \(1\);\newline \textbf{3.}\ \(\text{Gal}(k(\mathcal{E}[p])/k)\) is contained in a Borel subgroup, and it is generated by an element \(\sigma\) of order \(p\) and an element \(g\) of order dividing \(2\) such that \(\sigma\) and \(g\) have one common eigenvector for the eigenvalue \(1\). Moreover, for every case \(i \in \{1,2,3\}\) there exist a number field \(L_i\) and an elliptic curve \(\mathcal{E}_i\) defined over \(L_i\), such that the \(\text{Gal}(L_i(\mathcal{E}_i[p])/L_i)\)-module \(\mathcal{E}_i[p]\) is isomorphic to the module \(\mathcal{E}[p]\) of the case \(i\) and the local-divisibility by \(p^2\) does not hold over \(\mathcal{E}(L_i)\). The second case of this theorem corresponds to the case where \(\mathcal{E}(k)\) has a point of order \(p\) defined over \(k\). The first and third cases correspond to the case when \(\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_p+\overline{\zeta_p}) \subseteq k\). The author builds on previous work that gives strong conditions on when the relevant local cohomology groups can vanish and then analyzes several cases in detail.