Bendlets: a second-order shearlet transform with bent elements (Q1713642)

Extending the idea of shearlets, this paper further studies the ``bending'' operations and defines a new shearlet-like system, called \textit{bendlets}. Such systems can then be used to classify functions with 2D discontinuity up to its curvature in the asymptotic sense. \par Consider an $\alpha$-scaling operator $A_{a,\alpha}$, extending the shearing operator $S_(s,b)$ (second order) as follows: \[ A_{a,\alpha}:=\begin{pmatrix}a & 0\\0 & a^\alpha\end{pmatrix}, S_{(s,b)}\begin{pmatrix}x_1\\x_2\end{pmatrix}:=\begin{pmatrix}1 & s\\0 & 1\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}x_1\\x_2\end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}1 & bx_2\\0 & 1\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}x_1\\x_2\end{pmatrix}, \] where the parameter $s$ is with respect to the classical shearing parameter while $b$ corresponds to the bending parameter. A \textit{bendlet} system can be defined as \[ BS_{\psi}^\alpha:=\{\psi_{a,s,b,t} | (a,b,s,t)\in \mathbb{R}^+\times \mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^2\}, \] where $\psi\in L_2(\mathbb{R}^2)$ and \[ \psi_{a,b,s,t}:=a^{-(1+\alpha)/2}\psi(A_{a,\alpha}^{-1}S_{(-s,-b)}(\cdot-t)). \] Then \textit{bendlet transform} associated with the bendlet system $BS_\psi^\alpha$ for a function $f\in L_2(\mathbb{R}^2)$ is given by \[ [\mathcal{BS}_\psi^\alpha (f)](a,s,b,t):=\langle f, \psi_{a,s,b,t} \rangle. \] To avoid extreme shearing and bending that results in numerical infeasibility, employing the cone-adaptive approach similar to the cone-adaptive shearlets, the paper defines the \textit{cone-adaptive bendlet system} by splitting $\mathbb{R}^2$ into horizontal and vertical cones: \[ BS_{\psi}^\alpha:=\{\psi_{a,s,b,t,\iota} | a\in (0,1), s\in[-1,1], b\in \mathbb{R}, t\in \mathbb{R}^2, \iota\in\{-1,1\}\}, \] where $\iota\in\{-1,1\}$ indicates the horizontal or vertical cone, respectively. \par Consider $\psi = \psi^1\otimes\phi^1$ with $\psi^1$ a 1D compactly supported wavelet having $M$-th order vanishing moments and $\phi^1\in C^L(\mathbb{R})$ for some $L>M$. The paper then presents the main results regarding the characterizations of the singularities of a simple function $\chi_D\in L_2(\mathbb{R}^2)$ with $D\subset\mathbb{R}^2$ and $\partial D\in C^\infty(\mathbb{R}^2)$, using the cone-adaptive bendlet systems $BS_\psi^\alpha$. The paper shows that: \par (a) If $p\notin\partial D$, then the coefficient $|\langle \chi_D, \psi_{a,s,b,p,\iota}\rangle| \lesssim a^N$ for all $a\in(0,1), s\in[-1,1], b\in\mathbb{R}, \iota\in\{-1,1\}$, and $N\in\mathbb{N}$. \par (b) If $p\in\partial D$ but $\psi_{a,s,b,p,\iota}$ is not aligned with respect to the normal of $\partial D$ at $p$, then $|\langle \chi_D, \psi_{a,s,b,p,\iota}\rangle| \lesssim a^{(1-\alpha)(M+1)+\frac{1+\alpha}{2}}$. \par (c) If $p\in\partial D$, $\psi_{a,s,b,p,\iota}$ is aligned with respect to the normal of $\partial D$ at $p$ but not to the curvature $b$ of $\partial D$ at $p$, then $|\langle \chi_D, \psi_{a,s,b,p,\iota}\rangle| \lesssim a^{\frac{2-\alpha}{2}}$. \par (d) If $p\in\partial D$ and $\psi_{a,s,b,p,\iota}$ are not aligned with respect to the normal and the curvature of $\partial D$ at $p$, then $|\langle \chi_D, \psi_{a,s,b,p,\iota}\rangle| \lesssim a^{\frac{1+\alpha}{2}}$. \par The last part of the paper is numerical implementation, demonstration, and further discussion.