Fluctuations of two dimensional Coulomb gases (Q1752925)

The main object of study in the present paper is the \(N\)-point canonical Gibbs measure for a two-dimensional Coulomb gas at the inverse temperature \(\beta\), given by \[ d\mathbb{P}_{N,\beta}(\vec{X}_N)=\frac{1}{Z_{N,\beta}}\exp\left(-\frac{\beta}{2}\mathcal{H}_N(\vec{X}_N)\right)d\vec{X}_N\,, \] where \(\vec{X}_N=(x_1,\ldots,x_N)\) consists of \(N\) points in \(\mathbb{R}^2\), \(Z_{N,\beta}\) is a normalizing constant, the energy \(\mathcal{H}_N\) of the system is defined by \[ \mathcal{H}_N(\vec{X}_N)=\sum_{i\not=j}-\log|x_i-x_j|+\sum_{i}NV(x_i)\,, \] and \(NV\) is an external field with intensity proportional to \(N\). It is known that (under certain assumptions on \(V\)), the empirical measure \(N^{-1}\sum_{i=1}^N\delta_{x_i}\) of the particles converges to a deterministic measure (\(\mu_0\), say) as \(N\rightarrow\infty\). Defining the measure \(\mathrm{fluct}_N\) as \(\sum_{i=1}^N\delta_{x_i}-N\mu_0\), the main result of this paper is a central limit theorem for \[ \mathrm{Fluct}_N(\xi_N)=\int_{\mathbb{R}^2}\xi_N\,d\mathrm{fluct}_N\,, \] under given assumptions on \(V\) and \(\xi_N\), including regularity and growth conditions for \(V\), non-degeneracy assumptions, and some additional regularity conditions needed in the boundary case. This central limit theorem holds at the macroscopic scale, the mesoscopic scale, and in a boundary case. It is complemented by moderate deviations upper bounds and limiting results for energy minimizers.