James type results for polynomials and symmetric multilinear forms (Q1880440)

The authors show versions of James's weak compactness theorem. Let \(X\) be a real or complex Banach space. For continuous linear functionals \(a_1, \ldots, a_n\), let \(S_{a_1\ldots a_n}\) be the symmetric multilinear form on \(X\) defined by \[ S_{a_1\ldots a_n}(x_1,\ldots,x_n) =\frac {1}{n!} \sum_{\sigma \in \Delta_n} a_1(x_{\sigma(1)})\cdots a_n(x_{\sigma(n)}), \] where \(\Delta_n\) denotes the symmetric group. The polynomial \(P_{a_1\ldots a_n}\) on \(X\) is given by \(P_{a_1\ldots a_n}(x) =S_{a_1\ldots a_n}(x,\ldots,x)\). Theorem 1. A Banach space \(X\) is reflexive iff there are an \(n \geq 1\) and non-zero functionals \(a_1,\ldots, a_n\) on \(X\) such that the weak\(^\ast\) interior of the set \(\{a\in X^\ast : P_{a_1\ldots a_n a}\) attains its norm\(\}\) is non-empty. \newline Theorem 2. A Banach space \(X\) is reflexive iff there are an \(n \geq 1\) and non-zero functionals \(a_1,\ldots, a_n\) on \(X\) such that the weak\(^\ast\) interior of the set \(\{a\in X^\ast : S_{a_1\ldots a_n a}\) attains its norm\(\}\) is non-empty. Moreover, a sufficient condition concerning the numerical radius of rank one operators in \(L(X)\) for reflexivity of \(X\) is given. This result has a partial converse using equivalent norms on \(X\).