A symmetry-breaking bifurcation theorem and some related theorems applicable to maps having unbounded derivatives (Q1880945)

The author considers the situation where \(X\) and \(Y\) are Banach spaces, with \(X\) a dense subset, continuously embedded, of \(Y\). Let now \(g : \mathbb{R} \times X \to Y\) be a semiregular map, such that \(g(\mu,x) := L x + \phi (\mu,x)\), where \(L\) is a densely defined closed linear operator and \(\phi \in C^2 (\mathbb{R} \times X , Y)\); let \(D\) be the domain of \(L\), and let the domain of \(g\) be \(\mathbb{R} \times D\). One is interested in solutions to \(g(\mu,x) = 0\). Moreover, the author requires there is a linear map \(S : Y \to Y \) such that \(S \not= I\), \(S^2 = I\), \(S (X) \subset X\), and \(S(D) \subset D\), under which \(g\) is symmetric, i.e., \( g (\mu , S x) = S [g (\mu,x)]\) for all \(\mu \in \mathbb{R}\) and \(x \in D\). It follows that the partial derivatives of \(g\) with respect to \(\mu\) and \(x\) (of order 1 and 2) also satisfy symmetry conditions. One denotes by \(Y_\pm \subset Y\) the set of points satisfying \(S(y) = \pm y\), and similarly for \(X_\pm\) and \(D_\pm\). Consider now a bounded functional \(A\) on \(X\), and associate to this the semiregular map\break \(G : \mathbb{R} \times Y_+ \times Y_-\) by \(G(\mu,u,v) = (A v - 1, g(\mu,u) , g_x (\mu,u) \cdot v)\). The author proves then that: If there exists \(A \in X^*\) and \((\mu_0,u_0,v_0) \in \mathbb{R} \times D_+ \times D_-\) such that \((\mu_0,u_0,v_0) \) is an isolated solution of \(G (\mu,u,v) = 0\), and the restriction of the map \(g_x (\mu_0,u_0)\) to \(X_+\) is bijective, then \((\mu_0,u_0)\) is a symmetry-breaking bifurcation point for \(g(\mu,x) = 0\). Reviewer's remark: This represents a version of the equivariant branching lemma of Cicogna and Vanderbauwhede, see, e.g., [\textit{M. Golubitsky, I. Stewart} and \textit{D. G. Schaeffer}, Singularities and groups in bifurcation theory. Volume. II, Applied Mathematical Sciences, 69, New York etc.: Springer-Verlag (1988; Zbl 0691.58003)]; systems with reversing symmetries have been considered by Sevryuk and more recently by Lamb; a review for dynamical systems is given in [\textit{J. S. W. Lamb} and \textit{J. A. G. Roberts}, Physica D 112, 1--39 (1998)].