Simply-laced isomonodromy systems (Q1927931)

It was shown by \textit{K. Okamoto} [Math. Ann. 275, 221--255 (1986; Zbl 0589.58008); Ann. Mat. Pura Appl., IV. Ser. 146, 337--381 (1987; Zbl 0637.34019); Jap. J. Math., New Ser. 13, No. 1, 47--76 (1987; Zbl 0694.34005)] that the Painlevé equations IV, V and VI admit affine Weyl group symmetries of types \(A_2,\) \(A_3\) and \(D_4\), respectively. The paper under review introduces a new class of isomonodromy equations with Kac-Moody Weyl group symmetries, which contains these Painlevé equations, simultaneously describing a relation to the corresponding root systems. The author defines a class of graphs, called supernova graphs, generalising the Dynkin diagrams for \(A_2,\) \(A_3,\) \(D_4\), which contains all the complete \(k\)-partite graphs for every \(k\). Let \(\widehat{\mathcal{G}}\) be a supernova graph and let \(\mathbf{d}=(d_i),\) \(\pmb{\lambda}=(\lambda_i)\) and \(\mathbf{a}=(a_j)\) with \(d_i \in \mathbb{N}\cup\{0\},\) \(\lambda_i \in \mathbb{C},\) \(a_j \in \mathbb{C}\cup\{\infty\}\) be data attached to \(\widehat{\mathcal{G}}\) satisfying certain conditions. It is shown that there exists an isomonodromy system \[ \mathcal{M}^*_{st}(\pmb{\lambda},\mathbf{d},\mathbf{a}) \times \mathbf{B} \to \mathbf{B} \] controlling isomonodromic deformations of certain linear differential systems, where \(\mathbf{B}\) denotes the space of time variables. For simple reflections and their duals \(s_i, r_i\) generating the Weyl group of the Kac-Moody root system corresponding to \(\widehat{\mathcal{G}}\), \[ \mathcal{M}^*_{st}(r_i(\pmb{\lambda}),s_i(\mathbf{d}),\mathbf{a}) \times \mathbf{B} \cong \mathcal{M}^*_{st}(\pmb{\lambda},\mathbf{d},\mathbf{a}) \times \mathbf{B} \] if \(\lambda_i\not=0;\) and, for \(g\in SL_2(\mathbb{C})\) acting on \(\mathbf{a}\) by diagonal Möbius transformations, \[ \mathcal{M}^*_{st}(\pmb{\lambda},\mathbf{d},g(\mathbf{a})) \times \mathbf{B} \cong \mathcal{M}^*_{st}(\pmb{\lambda},\mathbf{d},\mathbf{a}) \times \mathbf{B}, \] which is an extension of \textit{J. Harnad}'s duality [Commun. Math. Phys. 166, No. 2, 337--365 (1994; Zbl 0822.58018)]. Furthermore, for the existence of stable connections related to \(\mathcal{M}^*_{st}\), a criterion concerning the Kac-Moody root system is established, which solves the additive Deligne-Simpson problem of irregular singularity version. The basic idea of constructing supernova graphs together with Harnad duality is illustrated by using the isomonodromy problem for linear differential systems of the form \[ \frac{d}{dz} - \Bigl(T_0 + \sum_{i=1}^m\frac{R_i}{z-t_i}\Bigl) \] due to \textit{M. Jimbo} et al. [Physica D 1, No. 1, 80--158 (1980; Zbl 1194.82007)], which is the prototype for this extension.