Some universal quadratic sums over the integers (Q1987528)

In this work, the authors consider some universal quadratic sums over the integers. Let \(a,b,c,d,e,f\in \mathbb{N}\) with \(a\geq c\geq e>0,\ b\leq a\) and \(b\equiv a\pmod{2},\ d\leq c\) and \(d\equiv c\pmod{2},\ f\leq e\) and \(f\equiv e\pmod{2}.\) If any nonnegative integer can be written as \[ \frac{x(ax+b)+y(cy+d)+z(ez+f)}{2} \] with \(x,y,z\in \mathbb{Z}\), then the ordered tuple \[ (a,b,c,d,e,f) \] is said to be universal over \(\mathbb{Z}\). Recently, \textit{Z.-W. Sun} [Sci. China, Math. 63, No. 3, 501--520 (2020; Zbl 1460.11045)] found all candidates for such universal tuples over \(\mathbb{Z}\). In this paper, the authors used the theory of ternary quadratic forms to show that \(44\) concrete tuples \((a,b,c,d,e,f)\) in Sun's list of candidates are indeed universal over \(\mathbb{Z}\). They proved in Theorem 1.1. The tuples \((5,1,2,2,1,1),(6,0,3,3,3,1),(6,2,5,5,1,1),\) \((6,6,3,3,3,1),(8,2,3,1,1,1),(8,6,3,1,1,1),(8,8,3,1,1,1)\) are universal over \(\mathbb{Z}\). Theorem 1.2. The tuples \((6,0,5,1,3,1),(6,0,5,3,3,1),\) \((7,1,1,1,1,1),(7,1,2,0,1,1), (7,1,2,2,1,1),(7,1,3,1,1,1),\) \((7,3,1,1,1,1),(7,3,2,0,1,1),(7,3,2,2,1,1),(7,3,3,1,1,1),\) \((7,5,1,1,1,1),(7,5,3,1,1,1),(15,3,3,1,1,1),(15,5,1,1,1,1),\) \((15,5,3,1,2,0),(15,5,3,1,2,2),(15,9,3,1,1,1),(21,7,3,1,2,2)\) are universal over \(\mathbb{Z}\). Theorem 1.3. The tuples \((5,5,3,1,3,1),(5,5,3,3,3,1),(6,4,5,5,1,1)\) and \((7,7,3,1,1,1)\) are universal over \(\mathbb{Z}\) and also the five tuples \((6,2,5,1,1,1),\) \((6,2,5,5,1,1),(6,4,5,1,1,1),(15,5,6,2,1,1),(15,5,6,4,1,1)\) are universal over \(\mathbb{Z}\). Corollary 1. The tuples \((9,3,7,1,3,1),(9,3,7,3,3,1),(9,3,7,5,3,1),\) \((9,3,7,7,3,1),(9,3,8,2,3,1),(9,3,8,6,3,1),(9,3,8,8,3,1),\) \((15,3,9,3,3,1),(15,9,9,3,3,1)\) are universal over \(\mathbb{Z}\). Theorem 1.4. The tuple \((16,4,2,0,1,1)\) is universal over \(\mathbb{Z}\). In other words, any \(n\in \mathbb{N}\) can be written as \(p_{3}(x)+y^{2}+2z(4z+1)\) with \(x,y,z\in \mathbb{Z}\), where \[ \{p_{3}(x):x\in \mathbb{Z}\}=\left\{ \frac{x(4x+2)}{2}=x(2x+1):x\in \mathbb{Z}\right\} . \]