Periodic points of algebraic functions and Deuring's class number formula (Q2011350)

This paper considers the algebraic function \(\hat{F}(z):=(-1\pm\sqrt{1-z^2})/z^2\), and the exact set of periodic points of \(\hat{F}(z)\) in \(\bar{\mathbb{Q}}\). First set up some relevant notations. Let \(K={\mathbb{Q}}(\sqrt{-d}),\) where \(-d\equiv 1\pmod 8\) of odd conductor \(f\). Let \(d_K\) be the discriminant of \(K\) and set \(-d=d_Kf^2\). Let \(\Omega_f\) be the ring class field of \(K\). Theorem 1. The exact set of periodic points of \(\hat{F}(z)\) in \(\bar{\mathbb{Q}}\) consists of the coordinates of certain solutions \((x,y)=(\pi,\xi)\) of the Fermat curve \(x^4+y^4=1\) in ring class fields \(\Omega_f\) of imaginary quadratic fields \(K\). This result is obtained by showing that the \(2\)-adic function \(F(z)=(-1+\sqrt{1-z^4})/z^2\) is the lift of the Frobenius automorphism on the coordinate \(\pi\) for which \(|\pi|_2<1\), for any \(d\equiv 7\pmod 8\), considered as elements of the maximal unramified extension \(K_2\) of \({\mathbb{Q}}_2\). More precisely, the periodic points of \(F(z)\) in the disc \(|\pi|_2<1\) are \(z=0\) and roots \(\pi\) of the normal polynomial \(b_d(x)\) (the minimal polynomial of solutions \((\pi_d,\xi_d)\) of the Fermat equation in \(\Omega_f\)) of degree \(2h(-d),\) where \(h(-d)\) is the class number of the order \(R_{-d}\) of discrminant \(-d\) in \(K\). As a corollary, this result gives an interpretation of Deuring's class number formulas in the case of \(p=2\). Corollary. With \(K={\mathbb{Q}}(\sqrt{-d})\), \(-d=d_kf^2\equiv 1\pmod 8\) with \(f\) odd, and \(2=\mathfrak{p}_2\bar{\mathfrak{p}}_2\). Let \(\mathcal{D}_n\) be the set of negative discriminants \(-d\equiv 1\pmod 8\) for which the Frobenius automorphism \(\tau\) has order \(n\) in the Galois group \(\mathrm{Gal}(\Omega_f/K)\). Then for any \(n>1\), there is the class number formula \[\sum_{-d\in{\mathcal{D}}_n} h(-d)=\sum_{k|n} \mu(n/k)2^k.\]