Semigroup graded algebras and graded PI-exponent (Q2014289)

The \(n\)th codimension \(c_n(A)\) of the PI-algebra \(A\) is \(\dim(P_n/P_n \cap \mathrm{Id}(A))\), where \(P_n\) is the space of multilinear polynomials in \(n\) variables, \(\mathrm{Id}(A)\) is the ideal of all identities. By [\textit{A. Giambruno} and \textit{M. Zaicev}, Adv. Math. 142, No. 2, 221--243 (1999; Zbl 0920.16013)] the limit \(\lim_{n\to\infty} \sqrt[n]{c_n(A)}\) exists and is an integer (Amitsur's conjecture), called the PI-exponent PIexp\((A)\). For a (semi)group-graded PI-algebra \(A\), there is the \(S\)-graded codimension \(c_n^{S}(A)\). In a series of papers, the most recent [\textit{E. Aljadeff} and \textit{A. Giambruno}, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 141, No. 9, 3055-3065 (2013; Zbl 1282.16028)], it was established that the graded analogue of Amitsur's conjecture holds if \(S\) is a finite group. The first author in [J. Algebra 393, 92--101 (2013; Zbl 1307.16019)] proved the Lie analogue for any group \(S\) with the difference that non-integer PI-exponents may arise, and in [J. Algebra 438, 235--259 (2015; Zbl 1343.16018)] constructed the first example of a finite dimensional associative algebra with a non-integer graded PI-exponent. Let \(A\) be a graded-simple (\(A^2\neq0\) and there are not any proper homogeneous ideals present) finite dimensional algebra over a field \(F\) of characteristic 0 graded by a finite semigroup \(S\). Such algebras have already been described in the case when \(S\) is a group and \(F\) is algebraically closed, so assume \(S\) has no nontrivial subgroups. Moreover, the growth rate of such an algebra always equals its dimension. The paper comprises 11 sections. Section 2 reduces the scope to grading by a completely 0-simple Rees matrix semigroup with sandwich matrix and thus to generalized matrix rings. Sections 3, 4 and 5 describe the structure of \(A\), namely by the first main result of the authors, \(A\) has a graded Malcev-Wedderburn decomposition \(B+J(A)\) with \(B\) simple graded, J(A) is the direct sum of left and right \(B\)-modules that are isomorphic to left and right ideals of \(B\), and the converse is also shown, that is, a certain collection of left and right ideals of \(B\cong M_k(D)\), where \(D\) is a division algebra over a field \(F\), yields an \(S\)-graded-simple algebra \(A\) with \(B\) maximal simple graded subalgebra. In Section 6, numeric characteristics of graded polynomial identities are examined, it is proved that the ordinary codimension does not exceed the graded one, and the authors formulate Amitsur's conjecture in this context: PIexp\({}^S(A)=\lim_{n\to\infty} \sqrt[n]{c_n^S(A)}\) exists. In Section 7, polynomial \(H\)-identities are introduced for algebras with a generalized \(H\)-action. In particular, if \(FS^{*}\) is the dual algebra of the semigroup algebra \(FS\), then there is the natural \(FS^{*}\)-action \(ha^{(s)}=h(s)a^{(s)}\) for all \(h\in FS^{*}\), \(a^{(s)}\in A^{(s)}\) providing the main tool in the proofs as \(S\)-graded codimensions equal the \(FS^{*}\)-codimensions. In the final sections, an upper bound for PIexp\({}^S(A)\) is proved applying representation theory of the symmetric group. The next main results of the authors are as follows. Assume \(A/J(A)\cong M_2(F)\) and let \(\pi: A \to A/J(A)\) be the natural epimorphism, \(S_0=\{s\in S|\dim\pi(A^{(s)})=2\}\), \(S_1=\{s\in S|\dim\pi(A^{(s)})=4\}\). If the equivalence relation \(\sim\{(s,t)\in S_0^2|\pi(A^{(s)})=\pi(A^{(t)})\}\) has all its classes of cardinality not exceeding \(|S_0|\over2\), then Amitsur's conjecture holds and PIexp\({}^S(A)=\dim A\). If \(\overline{s_0}\) has cardinality greater than \(|S_0|\over2\), then Amitsur's conjecture holds and PIexp\({}^S(A)=|S_0|+2|S_1|+2\sqrt{(|S_1|+|\overline{s_0}|) (|S_0|+|S_1|-|\overline{s_0}|)}<2|S_0|+4|S_1|=\dim A\).