Quadratic Chabauty for modular curves and modular forms of rank one (Q2035580)

The Chabauty-Kim method is a method for determining the set \(X(\mathbb{Q})\) of rational points of a curve \(X\) over \(\mathbb{Q}\) of genus bigger than one. The idea is to locate \(X(\mathbb{Q})\) inside \(X(\mathbb{Q}_p)\) by finding an obstruction to a \(p\)-adic point being global. This leads to a tower of obstructions \[X(\mathbb{Q}_p) \supset X(\mathbb{Q}_p)_1 \supset X(\mathbb{Q}_p)_2 \supset \ldots \supset X(\mathbb{Q}).\] The first obstruction set \(X(\mathbb{Q}_p)_1\) is the one produced by Chabauty's method. In situations when \(X(\mathbb{Q}_p)_1\) is finite, it can often be used to determine \(X(\mathbb{Q})\). In the present paper, the authors study the finiteness of the Chabauty-Kim set \(X(\mathbb{Q}_p)_2\) when \(X\) is one of the modular curves \(X_{\text{ns}}^{+}(N)\) or \(X_0^{+}(N)\) with \(N\) a prime different from \(p\), where \(X_0^{+}(N)\) is the quotient of \(X_0(N)\) by the Atkin-Lehner involution \(w_N\), and \(X_{\text{ns}}^{+}(N)\) is the quotient of \(X(N)\) by the normalizer of a non-split Cartan subgroup. They show that for all prime \(N\) such that \(g(X_0^{+}(N)) \geq 2\), \(X_0^{+}(N)(\mathbb{Q}_p)_2\) is finite for any \(p \neq N\), and for all prime \(N\) such that \(g(X_{\text{ns}}^{+}(N)) \geq 2\) and \(X_{\text{ns}}^{+}(N)(\mathbb{Q}) \neq \emptyset\), \(X_{\text{ns}}^{+}(N)(\mathbb{Q}_p)_2\) is finite for any \(p \neq N\). Their proof proceeds along the lines of the quadratic Chabauty method.