A variational formulation for Dirac operators in bounded domains. Applications to spectral geometric inequalities (Q2046788)

let \(\Omega \subset {\mathbb R}^2\) be a \(C^\infty\) simply connected domain and let \(n = (n_1,n_2)^\top\) be the outward pointing normal field on \(\partial\Omega\). The Dirac operator with infinite mass boundary conditions in \(L^2(\Omega,{\mathbb C}^2)\) is defined as \[D^\Omega := \begin{pmatrix} 0 & -2\mathrm{i}\partial_z\\ -2\mathrm{i}\partial_{\bar z} & 0 \end{pmatrix}, \] with domain \(\{ u = (u_1,u_2)^\top \in H^1(\Omega,{\mathbb C}^2) : u_2 = \mathrm{i} \mathbf{n}u_1 \text{ on }\partial\Omega \},\) where \(\mathbf{n} := n_1 + \mathrm{i} n_2\) and \(\partial_z, \partial_{\bar{z}}\) are the Wirtinger operators. The spectrum of \(D^\Omega\) is symmetric with respect to the origin and constituted of eigenvalues of finite multiplicity \[ \cdots \leq -E_k(\Omega) \leq\cdots \leq-E_{1}(\Omega) < 0 < E_{1}(\Omega) \leq \cdots \leq E_k(\Omega) \leq \cdots.\] The authors prove the following estimate \[E_1(\Omega) \leq \frac{|\partial\Omega|}{(\pi r_i^2 + |\Omega|)}E_1({\mathbb D}) \] with equality if and only if \(\Omega\) is a disk, where \(r_i\) is the inradius of \(\Omega\) and \(\mathbb D\) is the unit disk. \par The second main result of this paper is the following non-linear variational characterization of \(E_1(\Omega)\). \(E > 0\) is the first non-negative eigenvalue of \(D^\Omega\) if and only if \(\mu^\Omega(E) = 0\), where \[\mu^\Omega(E) := \inf\limits_{u} \frac{4 \int_\Omega |\partial_{\bar z} u|^2 dx - E^2 \int_{\Omega}|u|^2dx + E \int_{\partial\Omega} |u|^2 ds}{\int_\Omega |u|^2 dx}.\] \par The authors propose the following conjecture \[\mu^\Omega(E) \geq \frac{\pi}{|\Omega|}\mu^{\mathbb D}\Big(\sqrt{\frac{|\Omega|}{\pi}}E\Big), \forall E>0\] and provide numerical evidences supporting it. This conjecture implies the validity of the Faber-Krahn-type inequality \(E_1(\Omega) \geq \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{|\Omega|}} E_1({\mathbb D})\) (it is still an open question).