Tempered D-modules and Borel-Moore homology vanishing (Q2049899)

The categorical geometric Langlands conjecture, as formulated by [\textit{D. Arinkin} and \textit{D. Gaitsgory}, Sel. Math., New Ser. 21, No. 1, 1--199 (2015; Zbl 1423.14085)], is the following conjectural equivalence of DG categories: \[ \mathbb{L}_G: \mathrm{DMod}(\mathrm{Bun}_G) \simeq \mathrm{IndCoh}_{\mathcal{N}}(\mathrm{LS}_{\check{G}}) \] here \(\mathrm{Bun}_G\) is the moduli stack of \(G\)-bundles over a smooth complete curve \(X\), and \(\mathrm{LS}_{\check{G}}\) is the derived stack of \(\check{G}\)-local systems on \(X\) (\(\check{G}\) is the Langlands dual group). The LHS is the category of D-modules over \(\mathrm{Bun}_G\), and RHS is a certain enlargement of \(\mathrm{QCoh}(\mathrm{LS}_{\check{G}})\), the category of quasi-coherent sheaves on \(\mathrm{LS}_{\check{G}}\). As long as \(\check{G}\) is non-abelian, the inclusion \(\mathrm{QCoh}(\mathrm{LS}_{\check{G}}) \subset \mathrm{IndCoh}_{\mathcal{N}}(\mathrm{LS}_{\check{G}})\) is strict, and understanding of this difference is evidently a central topic in geometric Langlands. One of the key ideas driving many recent developments in the field is that this difference is controlled by proper Levi subgroups in a precise manner. More precisely, we have the following \textit{spectral gluing} theorem, established by the author in [Épijournal de Géom. Algébr., EPIGA 4, Article No. 9, 34 p. (2020; Zbl 1458.14017)]: \[ \mathrm{IndCoh}_{\mathcal{N}}(\mathrm{LS}_{\check{G}}) \simeq \mathrm{Glue}_{\check{M}} \mathrm{QCoh}(\mathrm{LS}_{\check{M}}); \] here \(\check{M}\) ranges over all Levi subgroups of \(\check{G}\) (including \(\check{G}\) itself), and \(\mathrm{Glue}\) is a certain lax-limit-like construction that we shall black-box for the sake of this review. We note that this result was a considerable strengthening of its predecessor [\textit{D. Arinkin} and \textit{D. Gaitsgory}, J. Am. Math. Soc. 31, No. 1, 135--214 (2018; Zbl 1388.14042)]. Let \({}^{\mathrm{temp}} \mathrm{DMod}(\mathrm{Bun}_G)\) denote the preimage of \(\mathrm{QCoh}(\mathrm{LS}_{\check{G}}) \subseteq \mathrm{IndCoh}_{\mathcal{N}}(\mathrm{LS}_{\check{G}})\) under \(\mathbb{L}_G\); we shall call it the \textit{tempered} subcategory. Then the gluing theorem above suggests the following roadmap for proving geometric Langlands: \begin{itemize} \item[(1)] Find a purely automorphic (candidate) description of \({}^{\mathrm{temp}} \mathrm{DMod}(\mathrm{Bun}_G)\); \item[(2)] Use (1) to prove an \textit{automorphic gluing} theorem, which should read \[ \mathrm{DMod}(\mathrm{Bun}_G) \simeq \mathrm{Glue}_{M} {}^{\mathrm{temp}} \mathrm{DMod}(\mathrm{Bun}_M); \] \item[(3)] Prove the \textit{tempered} geometric Langlands conjecture, which is an equivalence \[ \mathbb{L}_G^{\mathrm{temp}}: {}^{\mathrm{temp}} \mathrm{DMod}(\mathrm{Bun}_G) \simeq \mathrm{QCoh}(\mathrm{LS}_{\check{G}}), \] and show that these equivalences are compatible under the aforementioned gluing diagrams. \end{itemize} The article under review handles (1). Let us mention in passing that (2) has been recently achieved by the author and \textit{L. Chen} in [``Automorphic gluing'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:2204.09141}]. More precisely, the answer is given by Theorem C of the present article: if we choose a point \(x \in X\), then the tempered subcategory is equivalent to the full subcategory of \(\mathrm{DMod}(\mathrm{Bun}_G)\) consisting of objects for which the Hecke action (at \(x\)) of the \textit{tempered unit} \[ \textbf{1}^{\mathrm{temp}}_{\mathrm{Sph}_G} \in \mathrm{DMod}(G(O) \backslash G(K) / G(O)) \] is identity. Here the tempered unit is the renormalized \(*\)-pushforward of the dualizing sheaf along the map \(G \backslash G[t^{-1}] / G \to G(O) \backslash G(K) / G(O)\). We make a few remarks: \begin{itemize} \item Note that this characterization is a priori dependent on the choice of \(x\); however, it is now known [\textit{J. Faergeman} and \textit{S. Raskin}, ``The Arinkin-Gaitsgory temperedness conjecture'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:2108.02719}] that it is in fact independent of such choice; \item In [\textit{D. Beraldo}, ``On the geometric Ramanujan conjecture'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:2103.17211}], the author gave yet another extremely useful characterization of the tempered subcategory, namely it consists of those objects for which the Hecke action of all \textit{infinitely connective} elements in \(\mathrm{DMod}(G(O) \backslash G(K) / G(O))\) yield zero; \item The subcategory \(\mathrm{QCoh}(\mathrm{LS}_{\check{G}}) \subset \mathrm{IndCoh}_{\mathcal{N}}(\mathrm{LS}_{\check{G}})\) can be characterized similarly via the action of the local spectral Hecke category \(\mathrm{IndCoh}_{\mathcal{N}_{\mathrm{loc}}}((\mathrm{pt} \times_{\check{\mathfrak{g}}} \mathrm{pt})/\check{G})\); namely, \(\mathrm{QCoh}(\mathrm{LS}_{\check{G}})\) consists of those objects for which the action of a distinguished \textit{spectral tempered unit} object \[ \textbf{1}_{\mathrm{Sph}_G^{\mathrm{spec}}}^{\mathrm{temp}} \in \mathrm{IndCoh}_{\mathcal{N}_{\mathrm{loc}}}((\mathrm{pt} \times_{\check{\mathfrak{g}}} \mathrm{pt})/\check{G}) \] is identity. The non-trivial task, therefore, is to give an explicit (i.e. purely automorphic) description of the image of \(\textbf{1}_{\mathrm{Sph}_G^{\mathrm{spec}}}^{\mathrm{temp}}\) under derived Satake equivalence [\textit{R. Bezrukavnikov} and \textit{M. Finkelberg}, Mosc. Math. J. 8, No. 1, 39--72 (2008; Zbl 1205.19005)] \[ \mathrm{DMod}(G(O) \backslash G(K) / G(O)) \simeq \mathrm{IndCoh}_{\mathcal{N}_{\mathrm{loc}}}((\mathrm{pt} \times_{\check{\mathfrak{g}}} \mathrm{pt})/\check{G}); \] This is achieved by comparing the action of the spectral tempered unit with the \textit{Serre functor} of the spectral Hecke category, and by computing the Serre functor of \(\mathrm{DMod}(G(O) \backslash G(K) / G(O))\) using the Radon transform \[ \mathrm{DMod}(G(O) \backslash G(K) / G(O)) \simeq \mathrm{DMod}(\mathrm{Bun}_G(\mathbb{P}^1)). \] \end{itemize} Finally, as a demonstration of the usefulness of the description above, the author uses it to settle a conjecture of Gaitsgory, which states that when \(G\) is non-abelian, the dualizing sheaf of \(\mathrm{Bun}_G\) is right-orthogonal to all tempered objects. The proof requires an additional geometric fact, which the author also proves: for \(G\) non-abelian and \(\Sigma\) an affine smooth curve, the indscheme \(\mathrm{Maps}(\Sigma, G)\) has vanishing Borel-Moore homology. This statement, along with its proof, is a close relative to the analogous result regarding \(\mathrm{Maps}(\Sigma, G)^{\mathrm{gen}}\), the space of \textit{generic} maps \(\Sigma \to G\), established in [\textit{D. Gaitsgory}, Invent. Math. 191, No. 1, 91--196 (2013; Zbl 1263.14013)].