Improved Hardy inequalities and weighted Hardy type inequalities with spherical derivatives (Q2072231)

In this paper, the authors give several enhancements of the Hardy-type inequalities. Let \(u\in C_0^{\infty}(\Omega)\). A function \(u\) can be decomposed into spherical harmonics as follows: \[ u=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} u_k = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} f_k(r) \phi_k(\sigma),\] where \(\phi_k(\sigma)\) are the orthonormal eigenfunctions of the Laplace-Beltrami operator with corresponding eigenvalues \(c_k=k(N+k-2)\), \(k\geq 0\). For \(j\in \mathbb{N}\) \[ N_j(\Omega) := \{ u\in C_0^{\infty}(\Omega) \, : \, u= \sum_{k=j+1}^{\infty} f_k(r) \phi_k(\sigma)\}. \] The following theorem states that the optimal constant of the Hardy-type inequalities can be improved on \(N_j(\Omega)\). Theorem 1. Let \(0< R \leq \infty\), \(V\) and \(W\) be positive \(C^1\)-functions on \((0,R)\) such that \[ \int_{B_R} V(|x|) |\nabla u|^2 dx \geq \int_{B_R} W(|x|) |u|^2 dx\] for all radial functions \(u \in C_0^{\infty}(B_R\backslash \{ 0\})\). Then we have that for all \(u \in C_0^{\infty}(B_R\backslash \{ 0\})\): \[ \int_{B_R} V(|x|) |\nabla u|^2 dx \geq \int_{B_R} V(|x|) |\mathcal{R} u|^2 dx \geq \int_{B_R} W(|x|) |u|^2 dx, \] where \(\mathcal{R}:= \frac{x}{|x|}\cdot \nabla\) and for all \(u \in N_j(B_R\backslash \{ 0\})\): \[ \int_{B_R} V(|x|) |\nabla u|^2 dx \geq \int_{B_R} \left[ W(|x|) +(j+1)(N+j-1)\frac{V(|x|)}{|x|^2} \right]|u(x)|^2 dx. \] The following theorem gives a results about the remainder of the above-mentioned Hardy inequality. Theorem 2. Let \(0< R \leq \infty\), \(V\) and \(W\) be positive \(C^1\)-functions on \((0,R)\). Assume that \((r^{N-1}V, r^{N-1}W)\) is a Bessel pair on \((0,R)\). Then we have that for all \(u \in N_j(B_R\backslash \{ 0\})\): \[ \int_{B_R} V(|x|) |\nabla u|^2 dx - \int_{B_R} \left[ W(|x|) +(j+1)(N+j-1)\frac{V(|x|)}{|x|^2} \right]|u(x)|^2 dx \] \[ \geq \int_{B_R} V(|x|) \varphi^2(|x|) \left|\mathcal{R} \left( \frac{u(x)}{\varphi(|x|)}\right) \right|^2 dx, \] where \(\varphi\) is the positive solution of \[ \left( r^{N-1}V(r)y'(r)\right)' + r^{N-1}W(r) y(r) = 0\] on the interval \((0,R)\).