On length densities (Q2121524)

The set of lengths of an element \(x\) in a commutative monoid \(M\) and the elasticity for elements of monoid \(M\) along with the elasticity of monoid \(M\) itself have been well studied in the literature, particularly for Krull monoid, numerical monoid, Puiseux monoids and arithmetic congruence monoids. This paper discusses various new notions such as a length density \(\operatorname{LD}(x)\), asymptotic length density \(\overline{\operatorname{LD}}(x)\) of an element \(x\) and length density \(\operatorname{LD}(M)\) of a monoid \(M\). Analogous to the acceptance of elasticity of \(M\), the authors define the acceptance of length density. The length density of \(M\) is accepted if there exists \(x\in M\) such that \(\operatorname{LD}(x) = \operatorname{LD}(M)\). The paper is organised as follows: Introduction includes a brief discussion of all the crucial definitions and notions which are required for the rest of the article. Section 2 discusses the basic properties of length density. In particularly, bounds are calculated for \(\operatorname{LD}(x)\) and \(\operatorname{LD}(M)\)s, and several examples of monoids have been given for which these bounds are met. These results further give examples of monoids for which length density is (is not) accepted. Section 3 answers the problem of the existence of a monoid having any irrational number in \((0, 1)\) as a length density, which is a similar result to the existence of a monoid having irrational elasticity in \((0, 1)\). However, this paper presents a new construction to prove the result for the length density case. Section 3 further computes the length density of block monoids and discusses several other examples. The last section of the article deals with the sufficient condition which guarantees the existence of asymptotic length density, this condition is particularly satisfied by a finitely generated monoid, \(C\)-monoid and Krull monoids with finite divisor class group. Authors also construct an example of a monoid which lacks asymptotic length density. The article is well readable and has many good results with much information about the literature.