Companion varieties for root systems and Fermat arrangements (Q2125180)

The general settings of the paper is the following: assume that there is a set of points \(Z\) in \(P^N\) which admits a unique unexpected hypersurface \(H_{Z,P}\) of degree \(d\) and multiplicity \(m\) at a general point \(P = (a_0 :\dots : a_N) \in \mathbb{P}^N\) (here unexpected means that the fat point \(mP\) does not impose \(\binom{m+N-1}{N}\) conditions to the sections of \(H^0(X;L \otimes \mathcal{I}_Z)\) ). Let \[F_Z((a_0 : \dots : a_N), (x_0 : \dots : x_N)) = 0\] be an equation for the unexpected \(H_{Z,P}\), it is known that, under some mild hypothesis, \(F_Z\) can be written as: \[ F_Z = h_0(a_0 : \dots : a_N)g_0(x_0 : \dots : x_N)+\dots +h_T(a_0 : \dots : a_N)g_T(x_0 : \dots : x_N) \] where the \(g_i(x_0 : \dots : x_N)\)'s, are homogeneous polynomials of degree \(d\) and the \(h_i(x_0 : \dots : x_N)\)'s are homogeneous polynomials of degree \(m\). So we can consider the two rational maps: \(\phi\) and \(\psi\), from \(\mathbb{P}^N\) to \( \mathbb{P}^T\), associated to \((g_0,\dots g_T)\) and \((h_0,\dots, h_T)\), respectively. The two varieties \(Y\) and \(X\) so obtained are called \(companion\) \(varieties\) and in this paper studies their properties and relations between them. Generalizing what has been done by the last author in the case when \(Z\subset \mathbb{P}^2\) is given by points determined by the \(B_3\) root system, the case when \(Z\) is associated to \(B_4\) or \(F_4\) is studied and the companion varieties are determined. The other case to be analyzed is when \(N=2\) and \(Z\) is given by a Fermat arrangement, i.e. a set of \(3m\) poins on the 3 coordinate lines given by the duals of the factors of \((x^m- y^m)(y^m- z^m)(z^m-x^m)\). For such \(Z\)'s there is an unexpected curve \(C_{R,m}\) of degree \(m + 2\) and multiplicity \(m + 1\) at a generic point \(R\), which also passes through the 3 coordinate points (for \(m=2\) this is the \(B_3\) case). The linear system \((I_Z)_{m+2}\) and the associated surfaces are studied.