Unexpected hypersurfaces and where to find them (Q1980014)

In the paper under review the authors study the so-called unexpected hypersurfaces and they want to understand how to find them. Let \(\mathbb{K}\) be an algebraically closed field of characteristic \(0\) and let \(S = \mathbb{K}[\mathbb{P}^{n}] = \mathbb{K}[x_{0},\dots,x_{n}]\). Consider a general point \(P \in \mathbb{P}^{n}\). The fat point scheme \(X = mP\) is the scheme defined by the homogeneous ideal \(I_{X} = (I_{P})^{m} \subset S\), where \(I_{P}\) is the ideal generated by all forms that vanish at \(P\). Given a homogeneous ideal \(I \subset S\), we denote by \([I]_{d}\) the \(\mathbb{K}\)-vector space spanned by homogeneous forms in \(I\) of degree \(d\). It is well-known and easy to show that \(\dim_{\mathbb{K}} \, [I_{X}]_{d} =\max \bigg\{0, \binom{n+d}{n} - \binom{m-1+n}{n}\bigg\}\). Given distinct points \(Q_{i} \in \mathbb{P}^{n}\), we define \(Z = Q_{1} + \dots +Q_{s}\) to be the subscheme defined by the ideal \(I_{Z} = \bigcap_{i} I_{Q_{i}} \subset S\). We say that \(Z \subset \mathbb{P}^{n}\) admits an unexpected hypersurface with respect to \(X\) of degree \(d\) if \[\dim \, [I_{Z} \cap I_{X}]_{d} > \max \bigg\{ 0, \dim \, [I_{Z}]_{d} - \binom{m-1+n}{n}\bigg\}.\] That is, \(Z\) admits an unexpected hypersurface with respect to \(X\) of degree \(d\) if the conditions imposed by \(X\) on forms of degree \(d\) vanishing on \(Z\) are not independent. One of the most important problems in that context can be formulated as follows. Problem. Characterize and then classify all quadruples \((n,d,m,Z)\), where \(Z \subset \mathbb{P}^{n}\), admits an unexpected hypersurface of degree \(d\) with a general point \(P\) of multiplicity \(m\). The main result of the paper under review can be formulated as follows. Main Theorem. Given positive integers \((n,d,m)\) with \(n\geq 2\), there exists an unexpected hypersurface for some finite set of points \(Z \subset \mathbb{P}^{n}\) of degree \(d\) with a general point of multiplicity \(m\) if and only if one of the following conditions holds: a) \(n=2\) and \((d,m)\) satisfies \(d > m > 2\), or b) \(n\geq 3\) and \((d,m)\) satisfies \(d \geq m \geq 2\). Moreover, the authors study the Weak and Strong Lefschetz Property related to special algebras that one can associate with unexpected hypersurfaces, interesting examples of unexpected hypersurfaces coming from root systems, and also the so-called BMSS duality for unexpected curves.