Circulant matrices and Galois-Togliatti systems (Q2184787)

A circulant matrix is one of the form \[ \hbox{Circ} (x_0,x_1,\dots,x_{d-1}) = \left ( \begin{array}{cccccccc} x_0 & x_1 & x_2 & \cdots & x_{d-1} \\ x_{d-1} & x_0 & x_1 & \cdots & x_{d-2} \\ x_{d-2} & x_{d-1} & x_0 & \cdots & x_{d-3} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ x_1 & x_2 & x_3 & \cdots & x_0 \end{array} \right ). \] The determinant and the permanent of this matrix are both homogeneous polynomials, and this paper examines the coefficients that arise, and in particular when these coefficients are different from zero, or more generally to find a formula for these coefficients. In fact, this article focuses on \textit{\(r\)-lines circulant matrices}, i.e. circulant matrices of order \(d>r\), where \(d-r\) among \(x_0,\dots,x_{d-1}\) are specialized to 0, and the authors look for conditions so that certain coefficients are not zero. The main result is for the case \(r=3\), so they look at \[ \hbox{Circ}(x, 0, \dots, 0, y, 0, \dots, 0, z, 0, \dots, 0), \] where \(y\) appears in position \(a\) (counting from 0), \(z\) appears in position \(b\), and GCD\((a,b,d) = 1\). For such matrices, the main theorem compares the coefficients of the determinant with those of the permanent. As an application, the authors prove a conjecture of the second and fourth authors [J. Algebra 509, 263--291 (2018; Zbl 1395.13019)] concerning the minimality of Galois-Togliatti systems in three variables, and they make a connection to the Weak Lefschetz Property of a certain related algebra.