Computer assisted proofs of two-dimensional attracting invariant tori for ODEs (Q2211119)

The paper focuses on computer assisted methods of proof for the study of attracting invariant tori in three-dimensional dissipative systems of ordinary differential equations. These objects are necessarily of lower regularity -- \(C^{k}\) sometimes with \(0\leq k < 1\) -- and computer assisted existence proofs require different strategies. The authors provide basic notions and definitions from dynamics and validated numerics. In the present work, two common mechanisms are periodic and quasi-periodic perturbations of a system with an attracting periodic orbit and with a periodic orbit with complex conjugate Floquet multipliers. The latter yields loss of stability, thus triggering a Neimark-Sacker bifurcation in a Poincaré section. Both situations are considered. They provide a method which ensures the existence of Lipschitz invariant curves and give conditions which ensure the \(C^{k}\) smoothness. Further, the authors explain computer assisted methods of validation for the existence of homoclinic/heteroclinic orbits for planar maps. They develop techniques for proving the existence of attracting fixed points and obtaining lower bounds on the size of the basin of attraction. Furthermore, the existence of heteroclinic connections from the saddle to the attractor is proved. Finally, they show the existence of invariant tori for ordinary differential equations. The main idea is to propagate an invariant circle from a Poincaré section by the flow of the differential equation. The authors implement their method on two examples. The first example is a periodic perturbation of a planar vector field, where the unperturbed system has an attracting periodic orbit. They prove the existence of \(C^{k}\) invariant tori with rotational dynamics. For this purpose, the authors take a periodically forced Van der Pol equation: \(x^{\prime\prime}-v(1-x^{2})x^{\prime}+x-\epsilon \cos (t)=0\), where the natural attracting periodic orbit in the unforced system gives an attracting invariant torus after the application of the forcing. The second example is an autonomous vector field, where resonant invariant tori appear naturally after a Neimark-Sacker bifurcation. The authors choose the following autonomous differential equation with an attracting resonant tori: \[ F(x, y, z)=\bigg((z-\beta) x-\delta y \quad \delta x +(z-\beta) y \quad \gamma+\alpha z - \frac{z^{3}}{3}-(x^{2}+y^{2})(1+\epsilon z)+\zeta z x^{3}\bigg)^{T}. \] It is shown that there is an attracting periodic orbit on the invariant torus which has complex conjugate multipliers. Hence the torus is only of class \(C^{0}\).