Quadratic double centers and their perturbations (Q2214699)

This is a useful paper which could be a base for further research. In it, the authors first give a complete and detailed classification in the parameter space of the quadratic autonomous systems \[ \dot{x}=P_2(x,y), \dot{y}=Q_2(x,y) \] having two centers in the finite plane. They could be of type \(\{H,H\}\), \(\{R,R\}\), \(\{LV,LV\}\), \(\{HR,HR\}\), \(\{R,LV\}\) where \(H\), \(R\), \(LV\), \(HR\) means respectively: Hamiltonian, reversible, Lotka-Volterra, Hamiltonian \& reversible. Next, the corresponding global phase portraits are drawn on the Poincaré disk, including invariant lines and critical points. Also, a picture concerning the position of each case in the reduced two-parameter space is given. Finally, in the case \(\{LV,LV\}\), the first-order bifurcation (often called Melnikov) functions for the period annuli around both centers are calculated in the case of small quadratic perturbation. In this case, they are quadratic polynomials and the conclusion is that at most 2 limit cycles (at first-order analysis) can bifurcate, with possible distribution \((1,1), (1,0), (0,1)\).