Lipschitz free \(p\)-spaces for \(0 < p < 1\) (Q2218711)

The authors develop a systematic study of the quasi-Banach counterpart of Lipschitz-free spaces (also called Arens-Eells spaces). These quasi-Banach spaces where first considered in [\textit{F. Albiac} and \textit{N. Kalton}, Isr. J. Math. 170, 317--335 (2009; Zbl 1188.46013)] to construct examples of separable quasi-Banach spaces which are Lipschitz isomorphic but not linearly isomorphic. Given \(0< p\leq 1\) and a pointed \(p\)-metric space \(\mathcal M\), the Lipschitz free \(p\)-space over \(\mathcal M\) is a \(p\)-Banach space \(\mathcal F_p(\mathcal M)\) containing \(\mathcal M\) isometrically via the evaluation map \(\delta_{\mathcal M}\). Moreover, the authors characterize this space by the following universal property: \(\mathcal F_p(\mathcal M)\) is the unique \(p\)-Banach space such that for every \(p\)-Banach space \(X\) and every Lipschitz map \(f\colon \mathcal M\to X\) with \(f(0)=0\) there exists a unique linear map \(T_f\colon \mathcal F_p(\mathcal M)\to X\) with \(T_f\circ \delta_{\mathcal M}=f\). The authors show that a number of properties known for \(p=1\) also hold for \(0 < p < 1\). Namely, \begin{itemize} \item \(\mathcal F_p([0,1], |\cdot|^{1/p})\) is isometric to \(L_p([0,1])\); \item if \(\mathcal M\) is a bounded and uniformly separated quasimetric space, then \(\mathcal F_p(\mathcal M)\) is isomorphic to \(\ell_p(\mathcal M\setminus\{0\})\); \item if \(\mathcal M\) is a \(p\)-metric space, then \(\mathcal F_p(\mathcal M)^* =\mathrm{Lip}_0(\mathcal M)\); \item \(\mathcal F_p(\mathbb R)\) is not isomorphic to \(\mathcal F_p(\mathbb R^2)\); \item if \(\mathcal M\) is an infinite separable pointed ultrametric space, then \(\mathcal F_p(\mathcal M)\) is isomorphic to \(\ell_p\). \end{itemize} They also exhibit some differences to the \(p=1\) case. Notably, if \(\mathcal N\subset \mathcal M\), then the inclusion map \(\mathcal N\to\mathcal M\) does not necessarily induce an isometric embedding \(\mathcal F_p(\mathcal N)\to\mathcal F_p(\mathcal M)\). This answers a question from [loc. cit.]