Upper bounds of Hessian matrix and gradient estimates of positive solutions to the nonlinear parabolic equation along Ricci flow (Q2238787)

The author considers the nonlinear parabolic equation \[ \partial_tu = (\Delta - q)u + au\log u, \] where \(u,q\colon M^n\times[0,T]\to\mathbb R\), \(a\) is a constant, and, importantly, the Riemannian metric on the manifold \(M^n\) evolves via Ricci flow (hence making \(\Delta\) a time-dependent operator). The author begins by proving upper bounds on \[ \frac{\lvert\nabla u\rvert}u. \] In Remarks 3--7, he explains how his results are stronger or more general than previous work [\textit{Y. Li} and \textit{X. Zhu}, Differ. Geom. Appl. 56, 67--80 (2018; Zbl 1381.53121); \textit{M. Bailesteanu} et al., J. Funct. Anal. 258, No. 10, 3517--3542 (2010; Zbl 1193.53139); \textit{H. T. Dung} and \textit{T. D. Nguyen}, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 147, No. 12, 5329--5338 (2019; Zbl 1428.58021); \textit{W. Wang}, Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 40, No. 6, 2078--2083 (2017; Zbl 1360.35085); \textit{X. Zhu}, Nonlinear Anal., Theory Methods Appl., Ser. A, Theory Methods 74, No. 15, 5141--5146 (2011; Zbl 1223.35095)], and the author applies these results to prove a Harnack inequality in Section 5. In the other main results of the paper, the author proves estimates on the second derivative \(\nabla^2u\), generalizing previous work in [\textit{Q. Han} and \textit{Q. S. Zhang}, J. Geom. Anal. 26, No. 2, 715--749 (2016; Zbl 1338.35198); \textit{J. Li}, J. Funct. Anal. 97, No. 2, 293--310 (1991; Zbl 0724.58064); \textit{S. Liu}, Pac. J. Math. 243, No. 1, 165--180 (2009; Zbl 1180.58017); \textit{J. Sun}, Pac. J. Math. 253, No. 2, 489--510 (2011; Zbl 1235.53070)].