On the supersingular \(K3\) surface in characteristic 5 with Artin invariant 1 (Q2255325)

Let \(k\) be an algebraically closed field of characteristic \(5\) containing the finite field \({\mathbb{F}}_{25}={\mathbb{F}}_5(\sqrt{2})\). Let \(C_F\) be the Fermat sextic curve in \({\mathbb{P}}^2\) defined by \(x^6+y^6+z^6=0\). Let \(\pi_F: X\to {\mathbb{P}}^2\) be the double cover of \({\mathbb{P}}^2\) branched along \(C_F\). Then \(X\) is a supersingular \(K3\) surface over \(k\) with Artin invariant \(1\), on which the finite group \(\mathrm{PGU}(3,{\mathbb{F}}_{25})\triangleright {\mathbb{Z}}/2{\mathbb{Z}}\) acts by automorphisms. The main result of this article is the following theorem, which exhibit three projective models for \(X\) and determine smooth rational curves of minimal degree on \(X\) with respect to the corresponding polarizations. Let \(S_X\) denote the Néron--Severi lattice of \(X\). Denote by \(S_d\) and \(A_d\) the symmetric and alternating groups of degree \(d\), respectively. { Theorem 1}. There exist three polarizations \(h_F, h_1, h_2\) of degree \(2, 60, 80\) on \(X\) satisfying the following conditions: {\parindent=6mm \begin{itemize} \item[(1)] The projective model \((X, h_F)\) is the double cover of \({\mathbb{P}}^2\) branched along \(C_F\). Here \(h_F\in S_X\) is the class of the pullback of a line on \({\mathbb{P}}^2\) by the covering morphism \(\pi_F\). The projective automorphism group \(\mathrm{Aut}(X,h_F)\) is a central extension of \(\mathrm{PGU}(3,{\mathbb{F}}_{25})\) by the cyclic group of order \(2\) generated by the deck-transformation of \(X\) over \({\mathbb{P}}^2\). The double plane \((X,h_F)\) contains exactly \(252\) smooth rational curves of degree \(1\), on which \(\mathrm{Aut}(X,h_F)\) acts transitively. \item [(2)] The projective automorphism group of \((X,h_1)\) is isomorphic to the alternating group \(A_8\). The minimal degree of curves on \((X,h_1)\) is \(5\), and \((X,h_1)\) contains exactly \(168\) smooth rational curves of degree \(5\), on which \(\mathrm{Aut}(X,h_1)\) acts transitively. \item [(3)] The projective automorphism group of \((X,h_2)\) is isomorphic to \(({\mathbb{Z}}/2{\mathbb{Z}})^4\triangleleft ({\mathbb{Z}}/3{\mathbb{Z}}\times S_4)\) of order \(1152\). The minimal degree of curves on \((X,h_2)\) is \(5\), and \((X,h_2)\) contains exactly \(96\) smooth rational curves of degree \(5\), which decompose into two orbits under the action of \(\mathrm{Aut}(X,h_2)\). \end{itemize}} Further analysis is carried out for the set of \(96\) smooth rational curves in the third case (3). { Theorem 2}. There exist six sets \[ S_{00}, S_{01}, S_{02}, S_{10}, S_{11}, S_{12} \] of disjoint \(16\) smooth rational curves on \((X, h_2)\) with the following properties: {\parindent=6mm \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] If \(i\neq j\), then \(S_{\nu i}\) and \(S_{\nu j}\) form a \((16_6)\)-configuration for \(\nu=0\) and \(\nu=1\). \item [(b)] For \(i=0,1,2\), the sets \(S_{0i}\) and \(S_{1i}\) form a \((16_{12})\)-configuration. \item [(c)] If \(i\neq j\), then \(S_{0i}\) and \(S_{1j}\) form a \((16_4)\)-configuration. \end{itemize}} The set of \(96\) smooth rational curves of degree \(5\) on \((X,h_2)\) decomposes into the disjoint union of the six sets with the properties (a),(b),(c). However, it is not easy to present these six sets of rational curves explicitly. This is done by passing to a Kummer surface model of \(X\). Three proofs are presented. One is computational (with computer calculations), another is an application of the method of \textit{R. Borcherds} [J. Algebra 111, 133--153 (1987; Zbl 0628.20003), Int. Math. Res. Not. 1998, No. 19, 1011--1031 (1998; Zbl 0935.20027)] and geometry of the Leech lattices. These are used for finding a finite polyhedron in the positive cone of a hyperbolic-lattice primitively embedded into the even unimodular lattice \(L\) of signature \((1,25)\). For supersingular \(K3\) surfaces with Artin invariant \(1\), there are at least three nonconjugate chambers obtained by the restriction of fundamental domains, and these correspond to the three projective models in Theorem 1. The third proof uses the Kummer surface structure of \(X\).