Fourier series in BMO with number theoretical implications (Q2290809)

The paper has the following double purpose. \begin{itemize} \item[1.] To give a sufficient condition for the series \(f=\sum_{k=1}^\infty b_ke(v_kx)\) to belong to BMO and to estimate \(\|f\|_\ast\) using the Hilbert inequality in the generalized form stated by \[ \sum_{r\neq s}\frac{\omega_r\overline{\omega}_s}{\lambda_r-\lambda_s}\le \frac{3\pi}2\sum_r|\omega_r|^2\delta_r^{-1},\tag{1} \] where \(\lambda_r\) are real numbers with \(|\lambda_r-\lambda_s|\ge \delta_r>0\) for any \(s\neq r\). Recall that BMO, or more precisely BMO(\(\mathbb T\)), is the space of 1-periodic integrable functions \(f\) such that \[ \|f\|_\ast:=\sup_{\mathrm{interval}\,I\subset \mathbb T}\|f\|_I<\infty\quad \text{with}\quad \|f\|_I:=\frac1{|I|}\int_I|f-f_I|. \] An advantage of this approach is that the proof of this interesting result is short and completely elementary, because so is the proof of the above inequality (1), not depending on the duality \((H^1)^\ast=\mathrm{BMO}\). \item[2.] To show how other analytic number theory tools give precise information about the remarkable Fourier series \[ F(x):=\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{e(n^2x)}{n}, \] or roughly speaking to look into how far is this BMO function from being bounded \(L^\infty\). Namely, the authors fully characterize the points in which the series converges and provide fine estimates for the measure of level sets \(\{x\in I:\ |F(x)-F_I|>\lambda\}\). \end{itemize}