Monotone and nonmonotone clines with partial panmixia across a geographical barrier (Q2309178)

The paper investigates a single-locus migration-selection model with partial panmixia in the presence of a geographical barrier in an unbounded linear habitat. In mathematical terms, it studies the second-order problem on the real line \[ \begin{cases} \, p'' + g(x)f(p) + \beta (\overline{p}-p)=0, \quad x\in\mathbb{R}\setminus\{0\}, \\ \, p_{\pm} = p(\pm\infty), \\ \, p'(\pm\infty) = 0, \\ \, p'(0\pm)=\vartheta_{\pm} \, (p(0+)-p(0-)), \end{cases} \] where \(\overline{p}=(p_{-}+p_{+})/2\), \(\beta\in\mathbb{R}\), \(g(x) = -\alpha<0\) if \(x<0\), \(g(x)=1\) if \(x>0\) (step-environment), and \(f\in\mathcal{C}^{1}([0,1])\) satisfies \(f(0)=f(1)=0\), \(f(p)>0\) in \((0,1)\), and has a single change of monotonicity (unimodal selection). A precise discussion of the model is given in the first part of the paper. The Authors generalise the work by \textit{T. Nagylaki} [Theor. Popul. Biol. 109, 28--43 (2016; Zbl 1349.92106)], by establishing the existence, uniqueness, and multiplicity of clines with various selection functions \(f\). Both the cases \(p_{-} < p_{+}\) and \(p_{-}=p_{+}\) are analysed and, quite unexpectedly, also nonmonotone clines are provided. The paper ends with some open questions.