Quasi-Lie families, schemes, invariants and their applications to Abel equations (Q2352852)

Consider a nonautonomous system of ordinary differential equations: \[ \frac{dx^i}{dt} \, = \, X^i(t,x), \qquad i=1,2,\ldots,n, \] where \(t\) and \(x^i\) are real variables and all the mathematical objects are assumed to be global and smooth. The authors have been working on Lie systems, superposition rules, quasi-Lie schemes, quasi-Lie invariants, quasi-Lie schemes and related subjects related to the integrability of the former system in many previous papers, see for instance [\textit{J. F. Cariñena} et al., Int. J. Theor. Phys. 50, No. 7, 2114--2124 (2011; Zbl 1232.34003)] and the references therein. The paper under review presents a thorough analysis of these topics for Abel differential equations, namely, equations of the form \[ \frac{dx}{dt} \, = \, a_0(t) + a_1(t) x + a_2(t) x^2 + a_3(t) x^3. \] If \(a_3(t) \equiv 0\) we have a Riccati differential equation. The present paper gives a step forward in the study of Abel differential equations based on the results of the aforementioned cited paper. Quoting the paper, the authors study the representation associated with a quasi-Lie scheme, algebraic morphisms of quasi-Lie schemes, structure preserving groups and Lie almost symmetries for quasi-Lie families and provide a geometric characterization of some quasi-Lie invariants. Then, they apply these results to an Abel differential equation and they generalize properties of Abel equations to other equations on the plane. Some results about the transformation properties of Riccati and Abel equations are obtained by using the theory of Lie and quasi-Lie schemes. The authors study Abel equation through quasi-Lie schemes and, in particular, integrable Abel equations. Quasi-Lie invariants of orders two and zero are also considered to analyze Abel equations.