Representation of singular integrals by dyadic operators, and the \(A_2\) theorem (Q2360701)

The purpose of the paper is to provide a self-contained proof of the \(A_2\) theorem. Let us present the main result and some history of its investigation. Suppose that \(T\) is a general Calderón-Zygmund operator on \(\mathbb{R}^d\) and let \(w:\mathbb{R}^d\to [0,\infty)\) be a weight satisfying Muckenhoupt's condition \(A_2\), i.e., \[ [w]_{A_2}:=\sup_Q \left(\frac{1}{|Q|}\int_Q w \right)\left(\frac{1}{|Q|}\int_Q w^{-1}\right)<\infty, \] where the supremum is taken over all cubes \(Q\) with sides parallel to the axes. Then we have the estimate \[ \|T\|_{L^2(w)\to L^2(w)}\leq C_T [w]_{A_2}, \] where the constant \(C_T\) depends on \(T\) only. The linear growth in \([w]_{A_2}\) in the inequality cannot be improved. The above statement, known in the literature under the name ``\(A_2\) conjecture'' or ``\(A_2\) theorem'', was first proved for certain special classes of operators. \textit{S. Petermichl} and \textit{A. Volberg} [Duke Math. J. 112, No. 2, 281--305 (2002; Zbl 1025.30018)] established the inequality for the Beurling-Ahlfors transform, and later, \textit{S. Petermichl} [Am. J. Math. 129, No. 5, 1355--1375 (2007; Zbl 1139.44002); Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 136, No. 4, 1237--1249 (2008; Zbl 1142.42005)] showed the weighted bound for Hilbert and Riesz transforms. See also [\textit{D. Cruz-Uribe} et al., Adv. Math. 229, No. 1, 408--441 (2012; Zbl 1236.42010)], [\textit{O. Dragičević}, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 139, No. 6, 2113--2120 (2011; Zbl 1230.42017)], [\textit{M. T. Lacey} et al., Math. Ann. 348, No. 1, 127--141 (2010; Zbl 1210.42017)], [\textit{A. Vagharshakyan}, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 138, No. 12, 4303--4309 (2010; Zbl 1207.42013)] for the proof for wider (but still, not general) classes of Calderón-Zygmund operators. Finally, the result in full generality was obtained in [Ann. Math. (2) 175, No. 3, 1473--1506 (2012; Zbl 1250.42036)] by \textit{T. P. Hytönen}. Later, simpler proofs were given (see e.g. [\textit{M. T. Lacey}, Isr. J. Math. 217, 181--195 (2017; Zbl 1368.42016)], [\textit{A. K. Lerner}, New York J. Math. 22, 341--349 (2016; Zbl 1347.42030)]). The paper under review contains a simplified proof of the \(A_2\) theorem, which combines arguments from the aforementioned works. The argumentation consists of three major ingredients: 1. The probabilistic dyadic representation theorem for singular integral operators, which reduces the problem to the \(L^2\) bound for the so-called dyadic shift operators. 2. Reduction to testing conditions: roughly speaking, the (general) \(L^2\) bound for dyadic shifts can be deduced from its validity for special functions. 3. Verification of the testing conditions. All the statements are proved in full detail, some information on the history of the problem is also presented.