An \({\hbar}\)-expansion of the Toda hierarchy (Q2392600)

The authors of this paper study a construction of general solutions of the \(\hbar \)-dependent Toda hierarchy. They use for this purpose the known Riemann-Hilbert problem for the pairs \((L,M)\) and \((\overline{L},\overline{M})\) of Lax and Orlov-Schulman operators, respectively. The Toda hierarchy is based on difference operators \[ a(s, e^{\partial_s}) = \sum\limits_{m}a_m(s)e^{m\partial_s}, \] where \(s\in\mathbb{Z}\) is a coordinate, i.e., these can be considered as microdifferential operators on a continuous line. Following the Lax formalism, the difference operators take the form \[ a(\hbar ,s,e^{\hbar\partial_s})= \sum\limits_{m}a_m(\hbar ,s)e^{m\hbar\partial_s}. \] Note that the coefficients of the Lax operators have a smooth limit as \(\hbar\to 0\). Furthermore, the authors use the dressing operators \(W\) and \(\overline{W}\) represented in exponential form as \[ W=e^{X/\hbar}, \quad \overline{W}=e^{\Phi /\hbar} e^{\overline{X}/\hbar}, \] where \(X\) and \(\overline{X}\) are difference operators and \(\Phi = \Phi (\hbar ,s,t,\overline{t})\). The above stated operators and functions have \(\hbar \)-expansions. Thus, one may derive a set of recursion relations for the coefficients of the expansions. It is shown that the solution of the \(\hbar \)-dependent Toda lattice hierarchy corresponding to the quadruplet \((f,g,\overline{f},\overline{g})\) is recursively constructed by its leading term. Also, the \(\hbar \)-expansion of the wave function is considered. Then, Aoki's exponential calculus is reformulated for difference operators and relevant recursion relations are derived. The asymptotics of the tau function \(\tau (\hbar ,t,\overline{t},s)\) in a logarithmic form is also shown, that is, \[ \log{\tau (\hbar ,t,\overline{t},s)}= \sum\limits_{n=0}^{\infty }\hbar^{n-2}F_n(t,\overline{t},s). \]