Bi-center problem for some classes of \(\mathbb{Z}_2\)-equivariant systems (Q2400310)

Suppose \(X_j(x,y)\) and \(Y_j(x,y)\) are homogeneous polynomials of degree \(j\). Necessary and sufficient conditions that the phase portrait of a planar system of ordinary differential equations \[ \dot x = X_1(x,y) + X_3(x,y), \quad \dot y = Y_1(x,y) + Y_3(x,y) \] invariant under a rotation of \(\pi\) radians about the origin and also possess a center at each of the points \((-1, 0)\) and \((1, 0)\) are known. Here, the authors first of all give necessary and sufficient conditions that in addition the centers are isochronous. They then find necessary and sufficient conditions for \({\mathbb Z}_2\)-equivariance and existence of a pair of centers to hold for systems of the form \[ \dot x = X_1(x,y) + X_5(x,y), \quad \dot y = Y_1(x,y) + Y_5(x,y). \] The authors explain that systems of the form \[ \dot x = X_1(x,y) + X_3(x,y) + X_5(x,y), \dot y = Y_1(x,y) + Y_3(x,y)+ Y_5(x,y) \] have been skipped because for them the computations involved in trying to find similar conditions are currently infeasible.