Twin vector fields and independence of spectra for quadratic vector fields (Q2404239)

This article investigates the spectra of quadratic vector fields in two complex variables. Consider polynomial vector fields on \(\mathbb{C}^2\): \[ v = P(x, y) \frac{\partial}{\partial x} + Q(x, y) \frac{\partial}{\partial y}, \] where \(P, Q : \mathbb{C}^2 \to \mathbb{C}\) are complex polynomials of degree at most \(n\). According to the Theorem of Bézout, such a vector field has generically \(n^2\) isolated singularities. Let \(p \in \mathbb{C}^2\) be a singularity of \(v\), then the {spectrum of \(v\) in the singularity \(p\)} is defined as the symmetrized eigenvalues \((\mathrm{tr} M, \det M)\) of the Jacobian \[ M := \left. \begin{pmatrix} \frac{\partial P}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial P}{\partial y} \\ \frac{\partial Q}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial Q}{\partial y} \end{pmatrix}\right|_{(x,y) = p}. \] The following notion of a so-called {twin vector field} is needed: two vector fields \(v_1, v_2\) are twin vector fields, if they are not equal, but have the same singular locus and the same spectrum in each singular point. Theorem. If two quadratic vector fields on \(\mathbb{C}^2\), each with four isolated singularities, have the same spectra of singularities, then, possibly after an affine transformation, they either agree or are twin vector fields. Theorem. A quadratic vector field on \(\mathbb{C}^2\) with four isolated singularities is completely determined (up to affine transformation) by the spectra of its finite singularities and the characteristic numbers of its singular points at infinity. The proofs rely on the Euler-Jacobi formula.