The cardinality of orthogonal exponentials of planar self-affine measures with three-element digit sets (Q2416590)

Let $M\in M_n(\mathbb{R})$ be an expanding matrix and $D\subset \mathbb{R}^n$ a finite digit set. Then the maps $\phi_d (x) := M^{-1}(x+d)$, $d\in D$, are contractive with respect to a suitable norm in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and there exists a unique probability measure $\mu:= \mu_{M,D}$ which is invariant under the family of maps $\{\phi_d\}$ in the sense that \[ \mu = \frac{1}{|D|} \sum_{d\in D} \mu\circ\phi_d^{-1}. \] Moreover, the support of $\mu$ is the unique nonempty compact set $T = T(M,D)$ satisfying the self-referential equation \[ T = \bigcup_{d\in D} \phi_d (T). \] The authors consider the case $n=2$ and digit sets $D$ of the form \[ D = \left\{\begin{pmatrix} 0\\0\end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} \alpha_1\\ \alpha_2\end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} \beta_1\\ \beta_2\end{pmatrix}\right\} \] with $\alpha_1\beta_2 - \alpha_2\beta_1\neq 0$. They show that if $\det M \notin 3\mathbb{Z}$, the number of mutually orthogonal exponential functions in $L^2(\mu)$ is finite and provide an exact upper bound for their cardinality.