Universal characters, integrable chains and the Painlevé equations (Q2573411)

Here, it is shown as Koike's universal characters solve Darboux chains and \(N\)-periodic close Darboux chains (that are equivalent to Painlevé equations of \(A^{(1)}_{N-1}\) type). In particular, an expression of rational solutions of the Painlevé equations in terms of the universal characters is obtained. More details: For the pair of sequences of integers \(\lambda = (\lambda_1, \lambda_2,\dots ,\lambda_l)\) and \(\mu=(\mu_1,\mu_2,\dots\mu_{l'})\) the universal character \(S_{[\lambda,\,\mu]}(x,y)\) is polynomial in \((x,y)=(x_1,x_2,\dots,y_1,y_2,\dots,)\) defined as follows \[ S_{[\lambda,\mu]}(x,y)=\det [q_{\mu_{l'-i+1}+i-j}(y),\, 1\leq i\leq l'; p_{\lambda_{i-l'}-i+j},\, l'+1\leq i\leq l+l']_{1\leq j\leq l+l'}, \] where \(p_n(x)\) and \(q_n(y)\) are elementary Schur polynomials defined by \[ \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}p_n(x)z^n =e^{\xi(x,z)},\quad \xi(x,z)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}x_nz^n \] and \(p_{-n}(x)=0\) for \(n>0\). The polynomial \(q_n(y)\) is just the same except replacing \(x_i\) by \(y_i.\) The Schur polynomial \(S_{\lambda}(x)\) is a special case of the universal character \(S_{\lambda}(x)=S_{\lambda,\empty]}(x,y).\) Any Darboux chain \[ \dot v_n+\dot v_{n-1}=v_{n}^2-v_{n-1}^2+\alpha_n, \;n\in\mathbb Z, \] is reduced to the Hirota bilinear equation \[ (D_x^2+\varepsilon xD_x +\varepsilon k_n)\tau_n\cdot\tau_{n+1}=0. \] For any integer \(k\) and sequence integer \(\lambda\), the functions \(f(x) =S_{\lambda}(x)\) and \(g(x)=S_{[k,\lambda]}(x)\) give a solution of the bilinear form of the Darboux chain \((D_x^2+\varepsilon xD_x +\varepsilon k)f\cdot g=0.\) Here, \(x_1 =x,\, x_2=- {1\over 2\varepsilon}\), \(x_n=0\), \(n\geq 3\). Universal characters \(f(t)= S_{[\lambda,\mu]}(x(t),y(t))\) and \(g(t)= S_{[(k,\lambda),\mu]}(x'(t),y'(t))\) with \[ x_n=t+ {a\over n},\;y_n=-t+ {a\over n}, \quad x'_n=t+{a+1\over n},\;y'_n=-t+{a+1\over n}, \] give a solution of the modified bilinear form of the Darboux chains \((tD_t^2-(t+a)D_t -k)f\cdot g +f{dg\over dt}=0\) (obtained with the change variables \(t=-{\varepsilon\over 2} x^2,\) \(\tau_n\to t^{(a- {1\over 2})(a+ {1\over 2})}, \tau_{n+1}\to t^{(a+ {1\over 2})(a+ {3\over 2})}).\) \(N\)-periodic Darboux chains \(v_{n+N}=v_n, \alpha_{n+N}=\alpha_n\) with the normalization \(\sum_{n=1}^N \alpha_n=1\) and change of variables \(f_n=v_n+v_{n-1}\) are converted in generalized Painlevé equations of \(A^{(1)}_{N-1}\)-type in the following form \[ {df\over dx}=f_n(\sum_{j=1}^gf_{n+2j-1}-\sum_{j=1}^gf_{n+2j}) +\alpha_n,\tag{*} \] \[ \begin{multlined} {x\over 2} {df\over dx}=f_n(\sum_{j\leq k}f_{n+2j-1}f_{n+2k}-\sum_{j\leq k}f_{n+2j}f_{n+2k+1})\\+\alpha_n\sum_{j=1}^g f_{n+2j}+( {1\over 2}-\sum_{k=1}^g\alpha_{n+2k})f_n.\end{multlined}\tag{**} \] Equations \(P(*)\) and \(P(**)\) are equivalent to the classic Painlevé equations \(P_{\text{IV}}\) and \(P_{\text{V}}.\) This equations have also a reduction to some Hirota bilinear equation and have solutions \(\tau _i= S_{\lambda({n+e_1+\dots +e_i})}\) obtained from universal characters with special collection indices \(\lambda({n+e_1+\dots +e_i}).\)