Various characterizations of product Hardy spaces associated to Schrödinger operators (Q2629800)

The product Hardy space \(H^1(\mathbb{R}^{n_1}\times \mathbb{R}^{n_2})\) defined on the Euclidean space \(\mathbb{R}^{n_1}\times \mathbb{R}^{n_2}\) has many equivalent characterizations such as in terms of area functions, atoms, maximal functions and in terms of Riesz transforms. This work deals with establishing similar characterizations for the product Hardy space \(H^1_{L_1,L_2}(\mathbb{R}^{n_1}\times \mathbb{R}^{n_2})\) associated to the Schrödinger operators \(L_1\) and \(L_2\) as follows, \[ L_i:=-\Delta_{n_i}+V_i(x), \;\;\text{on}\;\mathbb{R}^{n_i},\;\;n_i\geq 1, \] where \(\Delta_{n_i}\) is the Laplacian on \(\mathbb{R}^{n_i}\) and \(V_i \in L^1_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{R}^{n_i})\) is a nonnegative function on \(\mathbb{R}^{n_i}\) for \(i=1,2\). Given a function \(f\) on \(\mathbb{R}^{n_1}\times \mathbb{R}^{n_2}\), the area integral function \(Sf\) associated to the operators \(L_1\) and \(L_2\) is defined by \[ Sf(x_1,x_2):=\left( \int \int_{|y_1-x_1|<t_1;|y_2-x_2|<t_2} |t_1^2 L_1 e^{-t_1^2L_1}\otimes t_2^2 L_2 e^{-t_2^2L_2}f(y_1,y_2)|^2 \;dy_1\;dy_2 \;\frac{dt_1 dt_2}{t_1^{n_1+1}t_2^{n_2+1}} \right)^{1/2}. \] The Hardy space \(H^1_{L_1,L_2}(\mathbb{R}^{n_1}\times \mathbb{R}^{n_2})\) associated to \(L_1\) and \(L_2\) is defined as the completion of \[ \{f \in L^2(\mathbb{R}^{n_1}\times \mathbb{R}^{n_2}): \|Sf\|_{L^1(\mathbb{R}^{n_1}\times \mathbb{R}^{n_2})}<\infty\} \] with respect to the norm \(\|f\|_{H^1_{L_1,L_2}(\mathbb{R}^{n_1}\times \mathbb{R}^{n_2})}= \|Sf\|_{L^1(\mathbb{R}^{n_1}\times \mathbb{R}^{n_2})}\). The main result of the paper consists in proving that in the characterization of \(H^1_{L_1,L_2}(\mathbb{R}^{n_1}\times \mathbb{R}^{n_2})\) we can replace the area function \(Sf\) by any of the operators \(NS_p(f)\), \(S_pN(f)\), \(f_{+,S_p}\) and \(f_{S_p,+}\) where one considers the combination among non-tangential maximal and quadratic functions associated with the Poisson semigroup \(e^{-t\sqrt{L_i}}\) generated by Schrödinger operators \(L_i\), for \(i=1,2\), obtaining equivalent norms on \(H^1_{L_1,L_2}(\mathbb{R}^{n_1}\times \mathbb{R}^{n_2})\). The proof uses the atomic characterization for the product Hardy spaces associated to the Schrödinger operators.